RETRACTED ARTICLE: Association between nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 ( NOD2 ) gene polymorphisms and Parkinson’s disease (PD) susceptibility

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to explore the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain protein 2 (NOD2) gene and Parkinson's disease susceptibility, including IVS4 þ 10A > C (rs72796353) and a missense mutation at exon 9 (c.2857A > G p.K953E). Methods: Rs72796353 and c.2857A > G p.K953E polymorphisms of NOD2 gene were genotyped via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in 125 cases with PD and 120 healthy controls. Genotype and allele frequencies differences of gene polymorphisms between the case and control groups were analyzed by the Chi-square test. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to indicate the relative susceptibility to PD. Furthermore, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was evaluated by the v 2 test in controls. Results: Neither genotypes nor allele of rs72796353 was significantly different in cases and control groups (p > .05). Differently, AG/GG genotype of NOD2 2857 A > G polymorphism were associated with the increased risk of PD (OR ¼ 2.486, 95%CI ¼ 1.223-5.056), and G allele carriers were 2.563 times risk to suffer from PD (OR ¼ 2.563, 95%CI ¼ 1.310-5.013). Besides, AG genotype might be also a risk factor for PD.

RETRACTED: Cytochrome P450 3A5 polymorphism affects the metabolism of sorafenib and its toxicity for hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro

“…Although the non-synonymous variants do not alter the protein sequence near the substrate binding site or active site, they may change the protein conformation to influence the catalytic activity. 25 Therefore, these mutations in CYP3A5 gene may change enzyme's structure and/or its interactions with substrates. In contrast to the other six variants, the CYP3A5*6 allele encoded an enzyme showing much higher intrinsic clearance than wild-type.…”

Intestinal Inflammation and Parkinson’s Disease

“…A higher frequency of total CARD15/NOD2 gene variants has been found in PD patients than in controls [ 81 ], implicating the CARD15/NOD2 gene as a risk factor of both CD and PD. A recent study conducted in Chinese Han population newly identified the association of NOD2 -2857A>G polymorphism with PD susceptibility [ 82 ]. However, a genetic study performed in German case-control samples showed no association between NOD2 variants and PD [ 83 ].…”

“…TLR9 is mainly expressed in B cells, plasmacytoid DCs and monocytes/macrophages [ 93 ]. It has been shown that TLR9 variants (-1237C/T and 2848A/G) are related to CD in a German population and TLR9 variants (-1486CC, 1174GG and 2848AA) increase the susceptibility of UC [ 81 , 82 ]. It has been indicated that the TLR9 variant rs352140T is associated with PD [ 83 ].…”

Analysis of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network in Peripheral Blood of Radiation Workers

“… 28 - 30 Meanwhile, NOD2 also plays an important role in Parkinson’s disease and intestinal disease. 31 , 32 Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is highly expressed in the apoptosis of melanoma cell after ultraviolet irradiation, and it is used as a reactive molecular indicator of radiation-induced injury of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. 33 , 34 Of course, IRF7 has been proved to play a role in virus-induced cellular gene transcription activation, and its encoded protein plays an important role in the innate immune response against deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid virus.…”