RETRACTED ARTICLE: Discovery of nanoscale sanal flow choking in cardiovascular system: exact prediction of the 3D boundary-layer-blockage factor in nanotubes

Abstract

Evidences are escalating on the diverse neurological-disorders and asymptomatic cardiovascular-diseases associated with COVID-19 pandemic due to the Sanal-flow-choking. Herein, we established the proof of the concept of nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking in real-world fluid-flow systems using a closed-form-analytical-model. This mathematical-model is capable of predicting exactly the 3D-boundary-layer-blockage factor of nanoscale diabatic-fluid-flow systems (flow involves the transfer of heat) at the Sanal-flow-choking condition. As the pressure of the diabatic nanofluid and/or non-continuum-flows rises, average-mean-free-path diminishes and thus, the Knudsen-number lowers heading to a zero-slip wall-boundary condition with the compressible-viscous-flow regime in the nanoscale-tubes leading to Sanal-flow-choking due to the sonic-fluid-throat effect. At the Sanal-flow-choking condition the total-to-static pressure ratio (ie., systolic-to-diastolic pressure ratio) is a unique function of the heat-capacity-ratio of the real-world flows. The innovation of the nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking model is established herein through the entropy relation, as it satisfies all the conservation-laws of nature. The physical insight of the boundary-layer-blockage persuaded nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking in diabatic flows presented in this article sheds light on finding solutions to numerous unresolved scientific problems in physical, chemical and biological sciences carried forward over the centuries because the mathematical-model describing the phenomenon of Sanal-flow-choking is a unique scientific-language of the real-world-fluid flows. The 3D-boundary-layer-blockage factors presented herein for various gases are universal-benchmark-data for performing high-fidelity in silico, in vitro and in vivo experiments in nanotubes.

In vitro prediction of the lower/upper-critical biofluid flow choking index and in vivo demonstration of flow choking in the stenosis artery of the animal with air embolism

“…Proofs are intensifying on various cardiovascular diseases and disorders [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] associated with the boundary layer persuaded flow choking and/or biofluid flow choking (stenosis persuaded flow choking) followed by shock wave generation in nanoscale and large scale vessels of human circulatory system functioning on the Earth and in the human spaceflight. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] The human circulatory system consists of a network of arteries, veins, and capillaries with the heart pumping blood through it. Although various interdisciplinary studies have progressed substantially over the last few decades to understand the flow physics and chemistry of continuum/non-continuum/nanoscale fluid flows in the cardiovascular system (CVS), there are numerous unanswered research questions in medical sciences [8][9][10][11][12][13][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]…”

“…13,28 Very recently, a few research questions of topical interest are received from various scientific communities across the globe pertaining to the effect of fluid flow choking in emerging diseases such as aneurysm, hemorrhagic stroke, and the acute-heart-failure. This review paper aims for a plausible judgment on the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, and treatment of various asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders due to flow choking, in vessels with and without stenosis, [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] developing at different seasons across the globe. Figures 1(a)-1(n) show various physical situations of biofluid/boundary layer blockage persuaded flow choking in the cardiovascular system (CVS).…”

“…Packer 60 categorically reported that acute heart failure is an event rather than a disease and placed a cogent plea for a radical change in thinking and in therapeutic drug development through multidisciplinary research. 61 Kumar et al [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]116,117 reported in a series of publications that such an event causing acute heart failure is due to the biofluid choking [due to the plaque induced converging-diverging (CD) nozzle flow effect or due to stenosis] and/or the boundary layer blockage persuaded flow choking (due to the boundary layer blockage persuaded CD nozzle flow effect). The discovery of biofluid/boundary layer blockage persuaded flow choking 17 and stream tube flow choking 14 in the CVS calls for multidisciplinary and universal actions to propose novel therapies and to develop new drugs to reduce the risk of flow choking.…”

“…The discovery of biofluid/boundary layer blockage persuaded flow choking 17 and stream tube flow choking 14 in the CVS calls for multidisciplinary and universal actions to propose novel therapies and to develop new drugs to reduce the risk of flow choking. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Kumar et al 15 reported that as the pressure of the nanoscale fluid/non-continuum-flows rises, the fluid viscosity increases and the average-mean-free-path diminishes. As a result, the Knudsen number lowers and a zero-slip wall-boundary condition will persist in the compressible flow regime.…”

“…It increases the risk of boundary layer blockage persuaded flow choking in biological systems causing asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] The boundary layer persuaded flow choking (boundary layer blockage persuaded flow choking) condition in real-world flows (flow with the transfer of heat, i.e., diabatic flow) is certainly the unique scientific discovery in the domain of physics of fluids for solving various unresolved flow problems in the circulatory system, [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] because it is an infallible mathematic model that satisfies all the conservation laws of nature. 17 Therefore, we are prudently invoked the boundary layer blockage persuaded flow choking condition herein for establishing cardiovascular risk factors in terms of the lower critical flow choking index (LCFI) and the upper critical flow choking index (UCFI).…”