RETRACTED ARTICLE: Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Holmqvist, Kenneth; Örbom, Saga Lee; Hooge, Ignace T. C.; Niehorster, Diederick C; Alexander, Robert G.; Andersson, Richard; Benjamins, Jeroen S.; Blignaut, Pieter; Brouwer, Anne-Marie; Chuang, Lewis L.; Dalrymple, Kirsten A.; Drieghe, Denis; Dunn, Matthew; Ettinger, Ulrich; Fiedler, Susann; Foulsham, Tom; Geest, Jos N. van der; Hansen, Dan Witzner; Hutton, Samuel B.; Kasneci, Enkelejda; Kingstone, Alan; Knox, Paul C.; Kok, Esther T.; Lee, Helena; Lee, Joy Yeonjoo; Leppänen, Jukka; Macknik, Stephen L.; Majaranta, Päivi; Martínez-Conde, Susana; Nuthmann, Antje; Nyström, Maria; Orquin, Jacob L.; Otero‐Millan, Jorge; Park, Soon Young; Popelka, S; Proudlock, Frank A; Renkewitz, Frank; Roorda, Austin; Schulte‐Mecklenbeck, Michael; Sharif, Bonita; Shic, Frederick; Shovman, Mark; Thomas, Mervyn G; Venrooij, Ward; Zemblys, Raimondas; Hessels, Roy S.

doi:10.3758/s13428-021-01762-8

Cited by 130 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 417 publications

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“…However, as we know that gaze estimation may suffer from make-up, poor lighting conditions, etc. (Holmqvist et al, 2022), we first determined the quality of the eye-tracking data and formalized exclusion criteria for the eye-tracking data analyses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The exclusion rate was roughly 69% in the present study, while in our previous work it was only 13% (Hessels et al, 2020a). We highlighted one potential source of this lower data quality, namely the large pupil size or large pupil size changes after calibration (Holmqvist et al, 2022). We welcome studies on the relation between pupil size and data quality for wearable eye trackers, particularly regarding the effects of the pupil-size artifact (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eye-tracking data quality was operationalized using common measures of accuracy and data loss (see e.g. Holmqvist, Nyström, & Mulvey, 2012;Holmqvist et al, 2022), as well as the root mean square (RMS) sampleto-sample deviation of the gaze position signal (i.e. point of regard in the scene camera video) using a 300 ms moving window technique (see Hessels et al, 2020c, for details).…”

Section: Pitch Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye contact avoidance in crowds: A large wearable eye-tracking study

Hessels

Benjamins

Doorn

et al. 2022

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Eye contact is essential for human interactions. We investigated whether humans are able to avoid eye contact while navigating crowds. At a science festival, we fitted 62 participants with a wearable eye tracker and instructed them to walk a route. Half of the participants were further instructed to avoid eye contact. We report that humans can flexibly allocate their gaze while navigating crowds and avoid eye contact primarily by orienting their head and eyes towards the floor. We discuss implications for crowd navigation and gaze behavior. In addition, we address a number of issues encountered in such field studies with regard to data quality, control of the environment, and participant adherence to instructions. We stress that methodological innovation and scientific progress are strongly interrelated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pitch Estimationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Eye contact avoidance in crowds: A large wearable eye-tracking study

Hessels

Benjamins

Doorn

et al. 2022

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…The saccadometer requires an individual to look towards the visual targets on the right and left sides to allow calibration of the instrument. Calibration is defined as the process of mapping eye tracker measurements to physical gaze direction or gaze position (Holmqvist et al 2022). To extract saccade parameters, all eye tracker systems require calibration that entails having the participant accurately direct their eyes at an external target whose position is known.…”

Section: Limitations Of Saccadometermentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Saccade Parameters in Relation to Adaptation to Homonymous Hemianopia

Howard

Knox

Griffiths

et al. 2022

British and Irish Orthoptic Journal

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Purpose: To report saccade parameters in participants during adaptation to poststroke homonymous hemianopia. Methods:In a prospective observational case cohort study, adult stroke survivors with new onset homonymous hemianopia were recruited. Using quantitative measurement, saccade parameters were measured and compared between the hemianopic and nonhemianopic sides. Two participants with longitudinal measurements were compared with age-matched controls.Results: Of 144 clinical study participants, quantitative saccade measurements were only possible in 14 due to an inability to visualise targets on the hemianopic side in the majority. In 9 of the 14 participants, at four weeks post-stroke, mean (±SD) saccade latency was significantly longer to the hemianopic (328.4 ± 105.9 ms) compared to the non-hemianopic side (234.7 ± SD53.6 ms; t = 4.2, df = 8, p = 0.003). The number of correct saccadic responses out of 50 was significantly lower to the hemianopic side (36.6 ± SD14.1) in comparison to the non-hemianopic side (44.4 ± SD7.5; t = -3.1, df = 8, p = 0.014). In two participants studied over an eight-week time period, saccadic differences to the hemianopic side persisted despite apparent recovery of visual field. Conclusion:As participants with residual visual field loss were unable to perform quantitative assessments, the widespread use of this approach in this setting is limited. However, in those whom measurements were possible, there were statistically significant differences in saccade parameters between hemianopic and non-hemianopic sides that persisted post-visual recovery. Exploration of saccades in relation to adaptation to hemianopia and response to saccadic scanning/search training requires further examination.

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“…The investigation of visual scanning provides a fundamental window into the nature of visual-cognitive processing while performing naturalistic sensorimotor tasks such as walking and driving [3]. An activity of eye movement and visual scanning, which is composed of a sequence of gaze shifts, can be typically understood based on the technique of eye tracking [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transfer Entropy Based Causality from Head Motion to Eye Movement for Visual Scanning in Virtual Driving

Zhang

Peng

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Visual scanning is achieved by eye movement control for visual information acquisition and cognitive processing, which plays a critical role in undertaking common sensorimotor tasks such as driving. The specific coordination of the head and eyes, with head motions temporally preceding eye movements, is an important human behavior to make a key contribution to goal-directed visual scanning and sensorimotor driving. In this paper, we put forward a proposal of philosophy that this specific coordination of the head and eyes essentially indicates a unidirectional causality from head motion to eye movement. We propose to investigate transfer entropy for defining a quantitative measure of this unidirectional head-eye causality. A normalized version of the proposed causality measure is introduced for taking a role as an assessment proxy of driving. The plain transfer entropy-based definition has shown its statistical significance as the measure of causality and, the normalized version has demonstrated its good effectiveness for the evaluation of driving performance, with the verification in virtual reality-based psychophysical studies. This paper successfully suggests that the quantitative exploitation of causality based on the specific coordination of the head and eyes offers an effective approach to behaviometrics of visual scanning and sensorimotor activity.

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Eye tracking: empirical foundations for a minimal reporting guideline

Cited by 130 publications

References 417 publications

Eye contact avoidance in crowds: A large wearable eye-tracking study

Eye contact avoidance in crowds: A large wearable eye-tracking study

Measurement of Saccade Parameters in Relation to Adaptation to Homonymous Hemianopia

Transfer Entropy Based Causality from Head Motion to Eye Movement for Visual Scanning in Virtual Driving

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