RETRACTED ARTICLE: Recent developments in DNA vaccination approaches against poultry coccidiosis and its future endeavours

Abstract

The world poultry industry is under great stress due to parasitic diseases; coccidiosis being one which is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide. In 1948 the first research paper was published about the treatment of coccidiosis with sulphaquinoxaline. After six decades, researcher's attention has focused on DNA vaccination, especially as certain anticoccidials have failed due to drug resistance and residues. Thus far vaccination is partially successful but is accompanied by disadvantages: e.g. instability, inferiority control, cost-effectiveness, and inefficiency in opposition to a large number of coccidian strains which are prevalent in different geographical areas. Due to developments whereby genetically engineered DNA can be administered in vaccine form to provoke cellular and humoral immune responses; there has been huge development in the practical application of this field. In the last decade a number of DNA vaccines employing different strategies have been tested to produce appropriate immune responses against coccidiosis. The DNA fragments taken from all the four important species, E. tenella, E. necatrix, E. maxima and E. acervulina were able to provoke appropriate immune responses against challenging infections with homologous species; however, most of them were not able to provoke a response with heterologous infection. The shared DNA antigen in two different species of Eimeria; E. tenella and E. acervulina was able to produce sufficient immune responses, not only against these species but also against E. necatrix, but not against E. maxima. E. maximum is the biggest and most complex of all the seven species and it has come ahead as a challenge for DNA vaccine researchers.

Design and Application of Automatic and Rapid Nucleic Acid Extractor Using Magnetic Nanoparticles

“…However, the nucleic acid extraction methods based on the magnetic particles have such advantages as high-efficiency, simple construction, high automation, stable and reliable results, as well as direct PCR amplification. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] One of the methods to implement magnetic separation is the application of magnetic bars in which the magnetic beads (rather than liquids) are transferred so that the decreased recovery probably caused by liquid loss in the process is avoided during transferring of liquids. It is therefore very significant to develop an automatic device for rapid nucleic * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.…”