RETRACTED ARTICLE: Role of aflatoxin toxicity on transmissibility and pathogenicity of H9N2 avian influenza virus in turkeys

Umar, Sajid; Younus, Muhammad; Rehman, Mujeeb ur; Aslam, Asim; Shah, Muhammad Ali; Munir, Muhammad; Hussain, Sajjad; Iqbal, Farooq; Fiaz, Muhammad; Ullah, Sami

doi:10.1080/03079457.2015.1046813

Cited by 29 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In addition, management and ecological factors such as confinement, climatic and seasonal fluctuations, poor feeding, and worm infestations are associated with stress and reduced immune response. Stressful factors have been reported to cause functional and morphological changes in chickens (Horning et al, 2003;Umar et al, 2014;2015a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Immunosuppressive interactions of viral diseases in poultry

Umar

Munir

Ahsan

et al. 2017

World's Poultry Science Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Poultry can be exposed to different kinds of immunosuppressive agents that impair health and welfare by destroying innate and acquired immunity leading to diminished genetic potential of poultry for efficient production. Immunosuppression is a condition characterised by humoral and cellular immune dysfunction that leads to increased susceptibility to secondary infections and vaccine failure. Immune dysfunction at the humoral level is largely due to change in soluble factors mediated by complement or chemokines for innate immunity or due to alterations in antibodies or cytokines for adaptive immunity. In contrast, immune dysfunctions at cellular levels include alterations in neutrophils, monocyte/macrophage, and natural killer cells for innate immunity or changes in B or T lymphocytes for adaptive immunity. In poultry, stressinduced immunosuppression is manifested by failure in vaccination, and increased morbidity and mortality of flocks. Immunosuppressive agents can have cytolytic effects on lymphocyte populations leading to atrophied and depleted lymphoid organs. Immunosuppression can be due to infectious agents or noninfectious agents or due to a combination of them. At present, several modern cellular and molecular approaches are being used to determine the status of the immune system during stress and disease. Comprehensive methodologies for the evaluation of immunosuppression by combined non-infectious and infectious aetiologies have not found general application. Currently, investigations are being developed in order to detect genetic expression of immunologic mediators and receptors by microarray technology. It is likely that this new technique will initiate the development of new strategies for the control and prevention of immunosuppression in poultry. A long term immunosuppression preventive approach involves genetic selection for resistance to immunosuppressive diseases.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Immunosuppressive interactions of viral diseases in poultry

Umar

Munir

Ahsan

et al. 2017

World's Poultry Science Journal

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As one of the immunosuppressive agents that influences the patho-genesis of H9N2 virus in broilers, aflatoxins, even in very low levels, can disturb the immune system of birds and thus can exacerbate the disease outcomes of H9N2-AIV (El Miniawy et al 2014). In turkeys, aflatoxin delayed influenza virus clearance and lead to decreased IFN-γ mRNA expression and increased pathogenicity of H9N2 LPAI viruses under field conditions (Umar et al 2015). Consequently, this work aimed to study the effect of H9N2-AIV virus co-infection with simultaneous aflatoxins addition in the feed of commercial broilers chickens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological and pathological adverse effects of avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 infection in aflatoxicated-broiler chickens

Ellakany

Abdel-Hamid

Tantawy³

et al. 2020

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a metabolic product of the Aspergillus spp. of molds, which grow on several feedstuffs stored in hot moist conditions. It is one of the immunosuppressive agents that might influence the pathogenesis of avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 in broilers, which can exacerbate the disease outcomes. The immunological, biochemical and pathological adverse health effects of an interaction between low levels of dietary aflatoxins (AFs) and H9N2 infection in broiler chickens were investigated. One hundred and eighty of unvaccinated 1-day-old COBB chicks were, therefore, raised for 35 days in the following treatment groups: control, AFs, AFs+H9N2, and H9N2. AFs in the basal diet was added at 200 ppb starting from the first day of age, while H9N2 virus was intra-nasally installed at a dose of 100 μl of 10 6 EID 50 /bird of allantois fluid at 23rd day. Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were evaluated. Evidence of H9N2-AIV viral shedding was also detected. It has been observed that concurrent exposure of AFs and H9N2 virus negatively affected chicken performance traits i.e. lowered feed intake and body weights with exaggerated respiratory and digestive disturbances, and 20% mortality rate. Ten days' post H9N2 infection, significant (p≤ 0.05) increment in serum transaminases (AST and ALT) and falling in cell-mediated immunity i.e. total leukocyte count, lymphocyte transformation activity and macrophage phagocytic activity were detected. Additionally, AFs+H9N2 significantly (p≤ 0.05) lowered H9N2-HI titers (5.5 Log2) than H9N2 alone (6.3 Log2). Pathologically, aflatoxicated chickens showed hydropic degeneration, hepatocytic vacuolation and necrosis of liver tissues with nephrosis and urates deposition in ureters, as well as bursal and thymic lesions, which were potent in H9N2-inoculated chickens. AFs exposure increased the incidence and titer of H9N2 viral shedding. It could be concluded that dietary contamination with AFs even at very low levels has explanatory effect in H9N2-inoculated broilers, and vice versa. (0) no lesions; (1) mild lesions; (2) moderate lesions; (3) severe lesions and (4) very severe lesions http://epublishing.ekt.gr | e-Publisher: EKT | Downloaded at 08/07/2020 07:18:50 |

show abstract

“…AIV of H9N2 subtype has been endemic in poultry in Asia and the Middle East [13,14]. It is clear that IBV infection maximized the pathogenicity and extended the period of H9N2 AIV shedding in chickens [15,16], increasing MR and economic losses, possibly due to mixed infection, and interaction with other respiratory pathogens [2,12,[15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular survey and interaction of common respiratory pathogens in chicken flocks (field perspective)

Abdelaziz

Mohamed

Fayez³

et al. 2019

Vet World

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aim:The present study was designed for the detection of the most prevalent respiratory infections in chicken flocks and clarifying their interaction and impact on flock health. Materials and Methods:A total of 359 serum samples were collected from 55 backyard chickens and tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits to determine the seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), influenza type A, Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS). Molecular prevalence of NDV, IBV, low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) H9N2, MG, and MS was carried out on swab, and tissue samples collected from 55 backyard flocks and 11 commercial broiler flocks suffered from respiratory infections using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription-PCR.Results: Seroprevalence of NDV, IBV, Influenza type A virus, MG, and MS in chicken backyard flocks was 56.4%, 50.9%, 12.7%, 14.5%, and 3.6%, respectively. Specific antibodies against one or more respiratory viruses and mycoplasma were detected in 36.4% of backyard flocks, indicating concurrent viral infections. The molecular survey showed that 90.9% of chicken backyard flocks were infected with common respiratory viruses (NDV, IBV, and LPAIV H9N2) while 81.8% of commercial broiler flocks were infected. The molecular prevalence rate of NDV, IBV, and LPAIV H9N2 was 46.97%, 56.1%, and 19.7% in backyard flocks, respectively. Combined viral and bacterial infection represented 40% and 63.6% of the respiratory infections, resulting in enhanced pathogenicity and increased mortalities of up to 87.5% and 27.8% in backyard and commercial flocks, respectively. Mixed infection of IBV, LPAIV H9N2, and/or Escherichia coli is the most prevalent mixed infection in broiler flocks, inducing severe clinical outcomes. Avian pathogenic E. coli was, respectively, isolated from 40% of backyard flocks and 81.82% of broiler flocks. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from three backyard chicken flocks mixed with other respiratory pathogens with elevated mortality. Mixed infection of E. coli and MG reported in 9.1% of broiler flock. MG was detected in 14.5% of backyard flocks and 9.1% of broiler flocks while MS was detected only in 3.6% of backyard chickens mixed with E. coli, and other viruses. Conclusion:Our results confirm that mixed infections are more commonly prevalent and associated with dramatic exacerbation in clinical outcomes than a single infection. Bidirectional synergistic interaction between these concurrently interacted respiratory pathogens explains the severe clinical impact and high mortality rate. The high prevalence of IBV (either as a single or combined infection) with LPAIV H9N2 and/or E. coli, in spite of intensive use of commercial vaccines, increases the need for revising vaccination programs and the application of standard biosecurity measures. Backyard chickens impose a great risk and threaten commercial flocks due to the high prevalence of viral respiratory pathogens.

show abstract

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Role of aflatoxin toxicity on transmissibility and pathogenicity of H9N2 avian influenza virus in turkeys

Cited by 29 publications

References 29 publications

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Immunosuppressive interactions of viral diseases in poultry

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Immunosuppressive interactions of viral diseases in poultry

Immunological and pathological adverse effects of avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 infection in aflatoxicated-broiler chickens

Molecular survey and interaction of common respiratory pathogens in chicken flocks (field perspective)

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About