RETRACTED: Combined effect of Zinc lysine and biochar on growth and physiology of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to alleviate salinity stress

Abstract

Globally, Food security main threaten by abiotic stress like salinity and levels amongst the majority serious environmental stressors which reduce crop yield mass production. Biochar application has received much attention in agricultural practices as it enhances crop quality and production. The present study was carried out to analyze the role of lysine zinc and biochar on growth enhancement of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. PU-2011) under saline stress (EC 7.17 dSm-1). Seeds were sown in pots containing saline soil with and without 2% biochar, and foliar application of Zn-lysine (0, 1.0, and 2.0 mM) was made at different time intervals during plant growth. A combined application of biochar and Zn-lysine 2.0 mM highly improved the physiological attributes such as chlorophyll a (37%), chlorophyll b (60%), total chlorophyll (37%), carotenoids (16%), photosynthesis rate (Pn) 45%, stomatal conductance (gs) 53%, transpiration rate (Tr) 56%, and water use efficiency (WUE) 55%. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) 38%, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 62%, and electrolyte leakage (EL) 48% were decreased with the combined application of biochar and Zn-lysine 2.0 mM as compared with other treatments. The activities of catalase (CAT) 67%, superoxide dismutase (SOD) 70%, and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 61% as well as catalase (CAT) 67% were regulated with the combined biochar and Zn-lysine 2.0 mM treatment. Similarly, the combined application of biochar and zinc-lysine (2.0 mM) enhanced the growth and yield attributes such as shoot length (79%), root fresh weight (62%), shoot fresh weight (36%), root dry weight (86%), shoot dry weight (39%), grain weight (57%), and spike length (43%) as compared with untreated control. The concentrations of sodium (Na) decreased whereas potassium (K), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were enhanced in plants with the combined application of Zn-lysine and biochar. Overall, results showed that the combined application of Zn-lysine (2.0 mM) and biochar significantly inhibited the negative effect of salinity and improved the growth and physiological performance of wheat plants. The combined use of Zn-lysine and biochar might be a practical solution to tackle salt stress in plants, but field studies by growing various crops under varied environmental conditions are needed before any recommendation to farmers.

The Impact of Shale Oil Residue on the Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Corn Seedlings under Saline Soil Conditions

“…In this study, semi-coke treatment enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and showed higher biomass. This aligns with previous research using biochar treatment, which enhanced the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT in plants, reducing oxidative damage [29]. Therefore, the above results support the conclusion that all three types of oil shale waste residues activate antioxidant enzyme activity, alleviating oxidative damage to cell membranes caused by salt stress.…”

“…One study, for instance, indicated that when the salt (NaCl) concentration was 100 mM, the malondialdehyde content in maize seedlings increased by 310.9% compared to the control [42]. Similar results have been reported in cotton [11], rapeseed [28], tomatoes [10], and wheat [29]. However, all three types of oil shale waste residue treatments reduced malondialdehyde content compared to the control, suggesting the potential alleviation of oxidative damage to cell membranes.…”

“…Salt stress negatively impacts various growth indicators of maize seedlings, including seedling height, leaf number, leaf area, and the fresh and dry weights of both aboveground and underground parts [9,[25][26][27]. Similar salt-induced damage has been reported in other crops such as tomatoes [10], rapeseed [28], wheat [29], cotton [11], and clover [30]. Our research results indicate that the influence of oil shale waste residues on various growth indicators of maize seedlings is affected by the type and concentration of the waste residues.…”

“…However, all three types of oil shale waste residue treatments reduced malondialdehyde content compared to the control, suggesting the potential alleviation of oxidative damage to cell membranes. The enzymatic antioxidant system in plants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), plays a crucial role in mitigating stress-induced ROS accumulation [10,11,28,29,38,43]. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) acts as the "first line of defense" in plants against oxidative damage by converting superoxide radicals into H 2 O 2 and molecular oxygen, which are then transformed into water by POD and CAT [43].…”

Residual efficiency of iron-nanoparticles and different iron sources on growth, and antioxidants in maize plants under salts stress: life cycle study

“…The application of Fe lowered the uptake of Zn as they appeared to have an antagonistic effect in absorption by plants [ 42 , 58 ]. Inhibited upregulation of Fe and Zn transporters might be the major reason behind Fe and Zn deficiency symptoms in salt-stressed plants [ [59] , [60] , [63] ]. In the current study, the external use of Fe plausibly repressed the accumulation of Na by maize tissues and improving the tolerance against salt stress.…”