“…Ultrasonic wave propagation complexity in bones arises from factors such as saturating fluid properties [5], solid phase mechanical characteristics [6], anisotropy [7], and macroscopic structural parameters like porosity, tortuosity, and viscous characteristic length [7,8]. Developing a comprehensive theoretical model, such as Biot theory modified by Johnson, is crucial to address this complexity [9,10], aiding the solution of the inverse problem [4,[11][12][13] and enabling extraction of bone's physical and mechanical properties from ultrasonic measurements.…”