RETRACTED: Lactobacillus paracasei X11 Ameliorates Hyperuricemia and Modulates Gut Microbiota in Mice

Abstract

Hyperuricemia (HUA) is the presence of excessive uric acid (UA) in blood, which leads to an increased risk of chronic kidney disease and gout. Probiotics have the potential effect of alleviating HUA. The purpose of this study was to screen probiotics with UA-lowering activity and explore the underlying mechanism. The UA-lowering activity of 20 lactic acid bacteria strains was investigated in vitro, and the effect of candidate probiotics on UA metabolism was evaluated using the HUA Balb/c mouse model. The results showed that Lactobacillus paracasei X11 had excellent UA-lowering activity in vitro, which could degrade nucleotides and nucleosides completely within 30 min, and the degradation rates of purine and trioxypurine could reach 83.25% and 80.42%, respectively. In addition, oral administration of L. paracasei X11 could reduce serum UA by 52.45% and inhibit renal proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β by 50.69%, regulating adenosine deaminase (ADA), xanthine oxidase (XOD), and transporter expression (GLUT9, NPT1, and URAT1) to a normal level. Moreover, it could restore the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes (Bac/Firm ratio) and showed a positive effect on the recovery of the intestinal microbiota. These findings provided fundamental information about the UA-lowering properties of probiotics, which suggested that L. paracasei X11 had the potential to be developed as a novel probiotic strain to ameliorate HUA.

A novel strain of Levilactobacillus brevis PDD-5 isolated from salty vegetables has beneficial effects on hyperuricemia through anti-inflammation and improvement of kidney damage

“…When rats were treated with L. brevis PDD-5, serum levels of UA, CREA, and BUN were significantly reduced and XOD levels were effectively inhibited. When treated with L. brevis PDD-5, serum levels of UA, CREA, and BUN were significantly reduced and XOD levels were effectively inhibited in rats, which is consistent with the findings of Cao et al [33] . The levels of inosine and guanosine in the intestinal contents after the removal of the organisms were statistically significant in the high-dose group, which was consistent with the results of serum uric acid levels.…”

“…Wu et al [40] found that Limosilactobacillus fermentum JL-3 inhibited UA-induced changes in the intestinal flora and reduced the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes (Firm/Bac ratio) and decreased UA levels. Cao et al [33] found that Lactobacillus paracasei X11 restored intestinal flora α-diversity and reduced hyperuricemia. Some studies have reported a direct correlation between the expression of inflammatory factors and changes in the intestinal flora [41] .…”

Lactobacillus fermentumF40-4 ameliorates hyperuricemia by modulating the gut microbiota and alleviating inflammation in mice

“…Tissue was harvested immediately after mice had been sacrificed. According to a method stated previously, 17 liver tissue and kidney tissue were cut into dimensions of 0.8 × 0.8 cm. The ileum was cut into dimensions of 1 × 1 cm.…”

“…16 However, these clinical therapies have limitations. For example: dietary restriction leads to nutritional imbalance; 17 addition of UOX produces H 2 O 2 and causes bone damage; 18 use of ALLO causes kidney stones. 14,19 Hence, it is necessary to seek new strategies for the treatment of HUA.…”

Ameliorative Effect of Mannuronate Oligosaccharides on Hyperuricemic Mice via Promoting Uric Acid Excretion and Modulating Gut Microbiota

“…Consistent with the results of previous studies, the relative abundance of Firmicutes was observed to decrease and the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes increased in HUA mice [ 49 ]. The elevated Bacteroidetes / Firmicutes ratio is a feature of microbiota disruption induced by hyperuricemia, and the anti-hyperuricemia probiotics Lactobacillus plantarum Q7 and X11 reduce the Bacteroidetes / Firmicutes ratio and modulate the intestinal flora structure in HUA mice [ 64 , 65 ]. A similar change was observed in this study, whereby MOS supplementation reversed the Bacteroidetes / Firmicutes ratio.…”