Retracted: New Types of Electron Pitch Angle Distributions on Mars: Funnel and Skirt Distributions

Abstract

Electron pitch angle, characterized as the angle between the electron velocity and the magnetic field direction, indicates the direction of electron propagation along the magnetic field line. The electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) can reveal the characteristics of electron motions and the background magnetic configuration, which play a crucial role in studying magnetic field topology and electron dynamics in unmagnetized bodies, for example,

What Is the Radiation Impact of Extreme Solar Energetic Particle Events on Mars?

“…The prediction of our model for GLE73 in the silicon slab under a surface pressure of about 753 Pa is 120 μGy, which is about 45% smaller than the surface measurement of RAD (216 μGy under a pressure of 742 Pa) in its silicon detector (Guo et al, 2023). This difference is likely due to the fact that the factor (1/1.5 2 ) that converts the GLE73 spectrum at Earth to Mars is only a general and statistically averaged assumption which may not be accurate for individual events.…”

“…In the case of this event, this factor might lead to an underestimation of the actual SEP flux at Mars as discussed in detail in Guo et al. (2023).…”

“…With the simulation methods introduced in Section 2, we can obtain for each GLE event the particle spectra (of both primary particles and their secondary particles) and corresponding radiation level generated at each of the 6 locations through different depths of the atmosphere and regolith. GLE73 which took place on 28 October 2021 is the most recent GLE event and has been studied in detail using observations from both Earth and Mars (Guo et al., 2023). We also employ GLE73 as an example to show its radiation impact throughout the Martian atmosphere under different surface atmospheric pressures.…”

“…This difference is likely due to the fact that the factor (1/1.5 2 ) that converts the GLE73 spectrum at Earth to Mars is only a general and statistically averaged assumption which may not be accurate for individual events. In the case of this event, this factor might lead to an underestimation of the actual SEP flux at Mars as discussed in detail in Guo et al (2023).…”

“…(2018, Table 2) calibrated spectral parameters for 59 GLE events together with the ESP components of 6 events (GLE42, GLE43, GLE58, GLE59, GLE62, and GLE65) occurring in 1956–2012. In addition, we also include the spectra of the most recent two events: GLE72 (Bruno et al., 2019) and GLE73 (Guo et al., 2023; Martucci et al., 2023). All of the GLE event spectra used in this article are shown in Figure 1.…”