RETRACTED: Omega-3 Self-Nanoemulsion Role in Gastroprotection against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats

Abstract

Peptic ulcer disease is an injury of the alimentary tract that leads to a mucosal defect reaching the submucosa. This study aimed to formulate and optimize omega-3 oil as a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) to achieve oil dispersion in the nano-range in the stomach to augment omega-3 oil gastric ulcer protection efficacy. Three SNEDDS components were selected as the design factors: the concentrations of the oil omega-3 (X1, 10–30%), the surfactant tween 20 and Kolliphor mixture (X2, 20–40%), and the cosurfactant transcutol (X3, 40–60%). The mixture experimental design proposed twenty-three formulations with varying omega-3 SNEDDS formulation component percentages. The optimized omega-3 SNEDDS formula was investigated for gastric ulcer protective effects by evaluating the ulcer index and by the determination of gastric mucosa oxidative stress parameters. Results revealed that optimized omega-3-SNEDDS achieved significant improvement in the gastric ulcer index in comparison with pure omega-3 oil. Histopathological findings confirmed the protective effect of the formulated optimized omega-3 SNEDDS in comparison with omega-3 oil. These findings suggest that formulation of omega-3 in the form of a SNEDDS would be more effective in gastric ulcer protection than the administration of omega-3 as a crude oil.

RETRACTED: Thymoquinone-Loaded Soy-Phospholipid-Based Phytosomes Exhibit Anticancer Potential against Human Lung Cancer Cells

“…Free-TQ had been taken by passive transport, while phytosomes had been taken by endocytosis. In addition, phytosomes containing abundant phospholipids could carry amphiphilic agents to cross the cell membrane resulting in high intracellular drug concentrations [ 36 , 37 , 38 ]. However, the optimized formula showed relatively-weak cytotoxic activity against EA.hy926 non-cancerous endothelial cells.…”

RETRACTED: Optimized Ellagic Acid–Ca Pectinate Floating Beads for Gastroprotection against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Injury in Rats

“…Determining the formulation and process parameters that might affect the drug delivery system properties is essential. Factorial design is advantageous regarding this aspect, as it can analyze the effect of various factors simultaneously [ 32 , 33 , 34 ]. The drug entrapment and sustained release characteristics of EA–Ca pectinate beads have been shown to be influenced by the formula composition and process parameters.…”

The Impact of Oxidative Stress in Human Pathology: Focus on Gastrointestinal Disorders

“…In particular, nanomaterials can be designed in such a way as to have antioxidant properties themselves, thus acting as nano-antioxidants, or as carriers and/or containers of natural compounds with antioxidant activity, mainly polyphenols [ 199 ]. Many literature data have reported the use of exosomes, lipid, and magnetic polymers; natural and synthetic polymers; ultrasonic microtubules; and nanoemulsions for the targeted release of antioxidants, in particular curcumin [ 200 , 201 , 202 ], resveratrol, and vitamin E [ 203 ] in the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation, mostly IBD [ 204 ] and gastric ulceration [ 205 ]. It is very important to note that, although the use of nanostructures is associated with better bioavailability or enhancing pharmacokinetics, at high concentrations, they could be very toxic, releasing the drug out of control, and increasing oxidative stress through the generation of ROS.…”