RETRACTED: Sanal Flow Choking: A Paradigm Shift in Computational Fluid Dynamics Code Verification and Diagnosing Detonation and Hemorrhage in Real‐World Fluid‐Flow Systems

Abstract

The discovery of Sanal flow choking is a scientific breakthrough and a paradigm shift in the diagnostics of the detonation/hemorrhage in real‐world fluid flow systems. The closed‐form analytical models capable of predicting the boundary‐layer blockage factor for both 2D and 3D cases at the Sanal flow choking for adiabatic and diabatic fluid flow conditions are critically reviewed here. The beauty and novelty of these models stem from the veracity that at the Sanal flow choking condition for diabatic flows all the conservation laws of nature are satisfied at a unique location, which allows for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code verification. At the Sanal flow choking condition both the thermal choking and the wall‐friction‐induced flow choking occur at a single sonic fluid throat location. The blockage factor predicted at the Sanal flow choking condition can be taken as an infallible data for various in silico model verification, validation, and calibration. The 3D blockage factor at the Sanal flow choking is found to be 45.12% lower than the 2D case of a wall‐bounded diabatic fluid flow system with air as the working fluid. The physical insight of Sanal flow choking presented in this review article sheds light on finding solutions, through in silico experiments in base flow and nanoflows, for numerous unresolved problems carried forward over the centuries in physical, chemical, and biological sciences for humankind.

The Physics of Detonation Chemistry: A Radical Theory in Predicting the Deflagration to Detonation Transition

“…The innovation of the Sanal ow choking model was established through the entropy relation, as it meets all the conservation laws of nature. [1] The physical insight of the Sanal ow choking and streamtube ow choking demonstrated herein sheds light on getting answers of several unanswered research questions in advanced science.…”

“…Although the underlying knowledge in advanced science of real-world ows (continuum / non-continuum) with the multi-disciplinary focus has been evolved over the centuries there are still many unresolved problems due to the lack of fundamental understanding of physics and chemistry of diabatic uid ows ( ow involves transfer of heat). [1] Such problems of urgency to the scienti c communities are the prediction and attenuation of detonation in reacting uid ow systems and that of asymptomatic stroke (AS) in the human circulatory system (HCS). Note that the de agration to detonation transition (DDT) in reacting uid ow systems and the creeping ow to asymptomatic hemorrhagic stroke (AHS) in biological systems could happen due to the consequence of the Sanal ow choking.…”

“…Therefore, the Sanal ow choking models [1] should be invoked for in silico model validation, veri cation and calibration before featuring uid ow characteristics of yocto to yotta scale diabatic uid ow systems and beyond with reliability.…”

“…Herein, we made an effort to correlate the radical theory of the Sanal ow choking in the human circulatory system (HCS) because blood is a compressible uid. [1] Furthermore, in vitro study shows (see Fig.2) that carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas is predominant in fresh-blood samples of the healthy human-being than Guinea-pig at a temperature range of 37-40 0 C (98.6-104 0 F), which increases the risk of owchoking leading to AHS. It is an admitted fact that the Sanal ow choking steers to the shock-wave generation in viscoelastic tubes with vasospasm (see the attached in vitro results as movie S1 and S2) like blood vessels, which create memory effect leading to AHS in the later stage.…”

“…As the pressure of the nano uid rises, average-mean-free-path diminishes and thus, the Knudsen number lowers heading to a zero-slip wall-boundary condition with compressible viscous (CV) ow regime. [2] V.R.S.Kumar et al [1][2][3] presented an exact analytical solution, which is capable to predict precisely the three-dimensional boundary-layer blockage factor (named herein as blockage factor) of diabatic uid ow systems at the zero-slip-length. The innovation of the Sanal ow choking model was established through the entropy relation, as it meets all the conservation laws of nature.…”