Retrospective confidence rating about memory performance is affected by both retrieval fluency and non-decision time

Hu, Xiao; Yang, Chunliang

doi:10.1007/s11409-022-09303-0

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…These results suggest that SF may affect how studied words were perceptually encoded and subsequently retrieved, but it does not necessarily mean that SF assists in the retrieval process or improves word memory. This interpretation is consistent with Hu et al [26], which using a drift diffusion model (DDM) to split response time of a recognition test into a decision component related to retrieval and a non-decision component unrelated to retrieval, found that SF had a greater non-decision time and that a greater non-decision time was related to lower confidence ratings. Therefore, SF may only change participants' consideration of whether a word was previously studied and not the retrieval process.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…These studies compare performance between SF and a fluent font, typically Arial, sometimes Times New Roman (e.g., [23]). SF seems to benefit recognition (greater sensitivity d') of studied words ( [24] Experiment 1-only when a test was not expected) but there are also mixed findings [25] and null results [26]. There are mixed results for recall of studied words ( [27]-no benefit on free-recall of studied words from flashcards; [24] Experiment 2-benefit to cued-recall when test was not expected).…”

Section: Existing Research On Sfmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recognition of Studied Words in Perceptual Disfluent Sans Forgetica Font

Cui

Liu

2022

Vision

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The new Sans Forgetica (SF) typeface creates perceptual disfluency by breaking up parts of letters vertically, horizontally, or diagonally, thereby fragmentizing them. While patterns of fragmentization are consistent for each unique letter, they are not uniform across letters. With Gestalt principles such as good continuation and perceptual completion being more difficult to implement in these settings, viewers may need to depend on context clues to identify words. This may be a desirable difficulty and improve memory for those words. Here, we investigate whether SF improves recognition of studied words. In Experiment 1, participants studied words in Arial and SF and completed old-new recognition tests where words retained their study fonts. In Experiment 2, we investigated the potential for context reinstatement—testing studied words in their studied fonts or the other font. Hit rate and discrimination sensitivities (d’) were analyzed for both experiments. Participants had significantly better recognition (hit rate) in SF than in Arial (Exp 1) and significantly higher discrimination sensitivities (d’) when words were tested in SF than in Arial (Exp 2). However, further examination of these results (e.g., marginally more response bias with SF than with Arial in Exp 1) lead us to hold reservations for the benefit of SF on word memory and conjecture that SF, at best, plays a limited role in improving recognition of studied words.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%