Retrospective diagnosis of mental illness: past and present

Schmidt, Mathias; Wilhelmy, Saskia; Groß, Dominik

doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30287-1

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…'Retrospective diagnosis' is controversial (Schmidt et al, 2019). Our interest in the past is to shine a light on the present, however, and therefore we agree with the position that the process can be justified if done carefully (Healy et al, 2005).…”

Section: Limitations Of Studymentioning

confidence: 56%

The functions of an asylum: an analysis of male and female admissions to Essex County Asylum in 1904

Rehling

2020

Psychol. Med.

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Background Contrasting historical views represent the asylum as a manifestation of humanitarian and therapeutic progress or as an institution of social control designed to bolster the capitalist economic order. More extreme critics suggest it was used to incarcerate people exhibiting only political or social deviance. Methods Case notes of 200 consecutive male and female admissions to the Essex County Asylum in 1904 were inspected. The nature of presentations was classified in contemporary terms into broad categories of disorder. Outcomes were identified and differences between men and women were explored. Results We found no evidence that patients were admitted without signs of significant mental and behavioural disturbance. In total, 44% of admissions had signs of an organic condition, and these were more frequent among men. Women were admitted at a faster rate and were 1.6 times more likely to have mania or a psychotic disorder. Overall, 45.5% of patients were discharged, with 62% of patients with non-organic disorders discharged recovered or improved. Conclusions Evidence partially supports both views of the asylum. In line with other studies, there is no evidence that the asylum was used to incarcerate people who did not show significant signs of disorder, but it did provide care and containment for those who could not be accommodated elsewhere, including many with organic conditions. The asylum also had a therapeutic orientation, however, and encouraged discharge where possible. In contrast to some other studies, women were more likely to be institutionalised than men, possibly reflecting their greater economic dependency.

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Section: Limitations Of Studymentioning

confidence: 56%

The functions of an asylum: an analysis of male and female admissions to Essex County Asylum in 1904

Rehling

2020

Psychol. Med.

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“…The question of the relationship between autism and creativity has been posed for a long time, as evidenced by paleopsychiatry, a branch of psychiatry seeking to make retrospective diagnoses based on the attitudes and ways of thinking of certain eminent people and current criteria (Charlier & Deo, 2018;Fitzgerald, 2000;Keynes, 2008;Lagerkvist, 2002;Otaiku, 2018;Sacks, 2001;Schmidt et al, 2020) as Michelangelo (Arshad & Fitzgerald, 2004), Mozart (Ashoori & Jankovic, 2007;Fitzgerald, 2005;Raja, 2015;Simkin, 1992), or Andy Warhol (James, 2010) for example.…”

Section: Iii) Asd and Creativitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…La question de la relation entre l'autisme et la créativité est posée depuis longtemps, comme en témoigne la paléopsychiatrie, une branche de la psychiatrie qui cherche à poser des diagnostics rétrospectifs en se basant sur les attitudes et les modes de pensée de certaines personnalités éminentes et sur des critères actuels (Charlier & Deo, 2018 ;Fitzgerald, 2000 ;Keynes, 2008 ;Lagerkvist, 2002 ;Otaiku, 2018 ;Sacks, 2001 ;Schmidt et al, 2020) comme Michel-Ange (Arshad & Fitzgerald, 2004), Mozart (Ashoori & Jankovic, 2007 ;Fitzgerald, 2005 ;Raja, 2015 ;Simkin, 1992), ou Andy Warhol (James, 2010) par exemple.…”

Section: Iii) Tsa Et Créativitéunclassified

ASD and ADHD as syndromes of high creativity - Le TSA et le TDAH comme syndromes de haute créativité

Rebecchi¹

2023

Preprint

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Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) really appeared in their current meaning under the labels "Attention Deficit Disorder" and "Infantile Autism" in the third version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in 1980. Thus, their pathological and psychiatric status was officially established. Researchers therefore focus mainly on deficits and impairments and forget the other side of the coin, namely the positive aspects and strengths of autistic and hyperactive people. However, for several decades, the positive aspects and strengths have been noted by scientists and expressed by the individuals concerned. The central question of this article is to question the creative and scientific skills of ADHD and ASD individuals. This article highlights the links between psychopathologies and creativity, the relationships and overlaps between ASD and creativity, ADHD and creativity, as well as a review of physiological evidence of the common characteristics of ASD-ADHD-creativity in particular concerning lateralization of brain functions and cerebral asymmetries, variations in concentrations and receptors in neurotransmission systems and gene related, attentional states of consciousness and default mode network, cognitive disinhibition and latent inhibition deficit, hyperconnectivity and highly cerebral excitability, personality and temperament.I propose a rereading of ADHD and ASD which are usually analyzed through a localization model highlighting some non-pathognomonic behaviors and from a pathological angle. Here, the connectionist model highlights variations in the concentrations and receptors of γ-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, dopamine, glutamic acid and serotonin, thus causing changes in basic cognitive functioning and increased creative thinking. This attempt to analyze the characteristics of ADHD and ASD in cognitive neurogenetics highlights that this creative thinking is pervasive and will materialize in the individuals involved in their areas of interest and expertise (causing goal-oriented motivation in ADHD and developed to understand the environment, making the world coherent, socializing, expressing oneself in ASD) at the levels of divergent and convergent thinking (related to boredom intolerance, impulsivity and spontaneous thinking in ADHD and attention to detail, abstract and schematic thinking, extensive systematization and reintegration abilities, hyperfocusing abilities, and compulsive ritualistic repetition in ASD), and a specific default mode network and the ability to switch between attentional states of consciousness (leading to high sensitivity and risk-seeking situations in ADHD and to environmental ordering in ASD) from real-life situations, and open-ended and abstract problems and situations.Thus, these characteristics could allow ADHD and ASD to be considered as high creativity syndromes, provoking an irrepressible creative impulse in ADHD and ASD individuals, and creating a double stigma related to the pathologization of their difference and the social treatment reserved for creative people.RésuméLe trouble déficitaire de l'attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDAH) et le trouble du spectre autistique (TSA) sont véritablement apparus dans leur acception actuelle sous les étiquettes « trouble déficitaire de l'attention » et « autisme infantile » dans la troisième version du Manuel diagnostique et statistique des troubles mentaux en 1980. Ainsi, leur statut pathologique et psychiatrique a été officiellement établi. Les chercheurs se concentrent donc principalement sur les déficits et les déficiences et oublient l'autre côté de la médaille, à savoir les aspects positifs et les forces des personnes autistes et hyperactives. Cependant, depuis plusieurs décennies, les aspects positifs et les forces ont été notés par les scientifiques et exprimés par les personnes concernées. La question centrale de cet article est de s'interroger sur les compétences créatives et scientifiques des individus TDAH et TSA. Cet article met en évidence les liens entre les psychopathologies et la créativité, les relations et les chevauchements entre les TSA et la créativité, le TDAH et la créativité, ainsi qu'un examen des preuves physiologiques des caractéristiques communes des TSA-TDAH-créativité, notamment au niveau de la latéralisation des fonctions cérébrales et les asymétries cérébrales, des variations des concentrations et des récepteurs dans les systèmes de neurotransmission et les gènes associés, des états de conscience attentionnels et du réseau du mode par défaut, de la désinhibition cognitive et du déficit d'inhibition latent, de l'hyperconnectivité et de la forte excitabilité cérébrale, de la personnalité et du tempérament. (...)

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“…The result is a retrospective diagnosis 5 projecting into the past the medical categories of the present. This issue is particularly controversial concerning psychiatric categories (Schmidt, Wilhelmy & Gross, 2020). According to King, this interpretation was spread by the English translations that took Littré's as a model and, through them, reached Veith.…”

Section: Ilza Veith and Her Narrativementioning

confidence: 99%

History of hysteria: Ilza Veith’s legacy

Schmidt

Simanke

2022

Rev. latinoam. psicopatol. fundam.

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The 1965 book Hysteria: The History of a Disease, by the German American historian Ilza Veith, certainly represented a milestone in the historiography of hysteria. Praised at first as an innovative work, unprecedented in its comprehensiveness and scholarship, it became, over time, object of multiple criticisms regarding its omissions, its psychoanalytic bias, and the teleological character of its approach. This article aims at pondering these contrasting assessments and discussing the historical significance of Veith’s work from a contemporary perspective. To this end, a brief overview of historical studies on hysteria before Veith is outlined. This overview is followed by a descriptive and critical presentation of her work, a discussion of certain aspects of its reception and, as conclusion, an evaluation of her contribution and legacy to this research field.

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Retrospective diagnosis of mental illness: past and present

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

The functions of an asylum: an analysis of male and female admissions to Essex County Asylum in 1904

The functions of an asylum: an analysis of male and female admissions to Essex County Asylum in 1904

ASD and ADHD as syndromes of high creativity - Le TSA et le TDAH comme syndromes de haute créativité

History of hysteria: Ilza Veith’s legacy

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