Retrospective evaluation of the onset period of the visual symptoms of dieback in five Appalachian sugar maple stand types

Roy, G.; Larocque, Guy R.; Ansseau, Colette

doi:10.5558/tfc80375-3

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…experienced higher mortality following drought compared with other co-occurring temperate deciduous species in the Northeastern U.S. and other regions (Karnig and Lyford 1968;Elliott and Swank 1994;Jenkins and Pallardy 1995;Pedersen 1998;Voelker et al 2008), which further raises questions about confidence in drought-tolerance classifications. However, there are also cases where species that tend to be classified as drought intolerant (A. saccharum, F. americana) experienced localized and regional dieback associated with drought events (Hibben and Silverborg 1978;Hendershot and Jones 1989;Roy et al 2004). Furthermore, species classified as drought tolerant with anisohydric behavior, such as Juniperus virginiana (Ginter-Whitehouse et al 1983;Bahari et al 1985), have been shown to experience lower mortality than other co-occurring species (Gu et al 2015).…”

Section: Integrating Drought Tolerance and Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many cases in the Northeastern U.S. where mortality and dieback are associated with multiple interacting factors including drought, insect defoliators, fungal pathogens, acid rain and subsequent depletion of soil Mg and Ca, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, and soil characteristics (Karnig and Lyford 1968;Hibben and Silverborg 1978;Hendershot and Jones 1989;Pitelka and Raynal 1989;Roy et al 2004). A number of studies have reported drought and insect defoliation or pathogen interactions that resulted in mortality and dieback in Acer saccharum (Kolb and McCormick 1993), Fraxinus americana (Hibben and Silverborg 1978), and Quercus velutina (Karnig and Lyford 1968).…”

Section: Integrating Drought Tolerance and Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, site-specific conditions (e.g., depth to bedrock, aspect, and soil drainage) that limit whole-tree carbon balance may predispose trees to mortality under drought conditions and biotic attacks. Trees growing at the fringes of their suitable habitat may be particularly vulnerable to reductions in growth and dieback (Horsley et al 2002;Roy et al 2004).…”

Section: Integrating Drought Tolerance and Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These results suggest that either leaf flushing is restricted at the expense of maintaining stored carbon reserves, or a proportion of stored starches within stems were not accessible during leaf-flushing. If carbon supply is in fact very large for species like A. saccharum, trees should be capable of using the large supply of carbon reserves following insect defoliation, but many A. saccharum trees in Quebec failed to produce healthy, vigorous leaves following defoliation (Roy et al 2004). Thus, an important question related to carbon-limitation during drought is: How much of the stored NSCs are actually available for use in metabolic function during or following periods of drought?…”

Section: Integrating Drought Tolerance and Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Responses occurring at different time-scales relate to differences in species' drought tolerance, which is the ability to survive drought events, and drought sensitivity, which we define as short-to medium-term physiological response. Recent declines in mature northern hardwood forest tree species such as Acer saccharum, Betula papyrifera, and Betula allegheniensis (Auclair et al 1996) and widespread dieback of A. saccharum Payette et al 1996;Horsley et al 2002;Roy et al 2004;Roy et al 2006) and Picea rubens (Siccama et al 1982;Johnson 1983) have been, in part, attributed to drought along with other factors such as freeze-thaw events, insect defoliation, acid rain, nutrient availability, and forest succession. Across forests of the Northeastern U.S., tree species can vary widely in leaf photosynthetic responses to declining soil moisture availability, although species growing in mesic and wet-mesic sites tend to be more sensitive to drought than xeric sites (Kubiske and Abrams 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are Northeastern U.S. forests vulnerable to extreme drought?

et al. 2017

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In the Northeastern U.S., drought is expected to increase in frequency over the next century, and therefore, the responses of trees to drought are important to understand. There is recent debate about whether land-use change or moisture availability is the primary driver of changes in forest species composition in this region. Some argue that fire suppression from the early twentieth century to present has resulted in an increase in shade-tolerant and pyrophobic tree species that are drought intolerant, while others suggest precipitation variability as a major driver of species composition. From this debate, an emerging hypothesis is that mesophication and increases in the abundance of mesophytic genera (e.g., Acer, Betula, and Fagus) resulted in forests that are more vulnerable to drought. This review examines the published literature and factors that contribute to drought vulnerability of Northeastern U.S. forests. We assessed two key concepts related to drought vulnerability, including drought tolerance (ability to survive drought) and sensitivity (short-term responses to drought), with a focus on Northeastern U.S. species. We assessed drought-tolerance classifications for species, which revealed both consistencies and inconsistencies, as well as contradictions when compared to actual observations, such as higher mortality for drought-tolerant species. Related to drought sensitivity, recent work has focused on isohydric/ anisohydric regulation of leaf water potential. However, based on the review of the literature, we conclude that drought sensitivity should be viewed in terms of multiple variables, including leaf abscission, stomatal sensitivity, turgor pressure, and dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates. Genera considered drought sensitive (e.g., Acer, Betula, and Liriodendron) may actually be less prone to drought-induced mortality and dieback than previously considered because stomatal regulation and leaf abscission in these species are effective at preventing water potential from reaching critical thresholds during extreme drought. Independent of drought-tolerance classification, trees are prone to dieback and mortality when additional stressors are involved such as insect defoliation, calcium and magnesium deficiency, nitrogen saturation, and freeze-thaw events. Overall, our literature review shows that multiple traits associated with drought sensitivity and tolerance are important as species may rely on different mechanisms to prevent hydraulic failure and depleted carbon reserves that may lead to mortality.

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Section: Integrating Drought Tolerance and Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Integrating Drought Tolerance and Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Integrating Drought Tolerance and Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Integrating Drought Tolerance and Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are Northeastern U.S. forests vulnerable to extreme drought?

et al. 2017

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Prediction of mortality in Appalachian sugar maple stands affected by dieback in southeastern Quebec, Canada

Roy

Larocque

Ansseau

2006

Forest Ecology and Management

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A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests

Allen

Macalady

Chenchouni

et al. 2010

Forest Ecology and Management

6,190

107

4,328

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A B S T R A C T Greenhouse gas emissions have significantly altered global climate, and will continue to do so in the future. Increases in the frequency, duration, and/or severity of drought and heat stress associated with climate change could fundamentally alter the composition, structure, and biogeography of forests in many regions. Of particular concern are potential increases in tree mortality associated with climateinduced physiological stress and interactions with other climate-mediated processes such as insect outbreaks and wildfire. Despite this risk, existing projections of tree mortality are based on models that lack functionally realistic mortality mechanisms, and there has been no attempt to track observations of climate-driven tree mortality globally. Here we present the first global assessment of recent tree mortality attributed to drought and heat stress. Although episodic mortality occurs in the absence of climate change, studies compiled here suggest that at least some of the world's forested ecosystems already may be responding to climate change and raise concern that forests may become increasingly vulnerable to higher background tree mortality rates and die-off in response to future warming and drought, even in environments that are not normally considered water-limited. This further suggests risks to ecosystem services, including the loss of sequestered forest carbon and associated atmospheric feedbacks. Our review also identifies key information gaps and scientific uncertainties that currently hinder our ability to predict tree mortality in response to climate change and emphasizes the need for a globally coordinated observation system. Overall, our review reveals the potential for amplified tree mortality due to drought and heat in forests worldwide.Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Retrospective evaluation of the onset period of the visual symptoms of dieback in five Appalachian sugar maple stand types

Cited by 3 publications

References 21 publications

Are Northeastern U.S. forests vulnerable to extreme drought?

Are Northeastern U.S. forests vulnerable to extreme drought?

Prediction of mortality in Appalachian sugar maple stands affected by dieback in southeastern Quebec, Canada

A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests

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