Retrospective reversal of extinction of conditioned fear by instruction

Zeng, Qing; Jia, Yan-Lei; Wang, Yuanjun; Zhang, Junhua; Liu, Chuyi; Zheng, Xifu

doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.05.011

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The results of Raes et al (2011) thus demonstrate that instructions that allow for inferences about the absence of the US during an extinction phase can allow for an immediate return of fear. These results were recently independently replicated (Zeng, Jia, Wang, Zhang, Liu, & Zheng, 2015).…”

Section: Instructions Supporting Inferential Reasoningmentioning

confidence: 66%

A review on the effects of verbal instructions in human fear conditioning: Empirical findings, theoretical considerations, and future directions

Mertens

Boddez

Sevenster

et al. 2018

Biological Psychology

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Fear learning reflects the adaptive ability to learn to anticipate aversive events and to display preparatory fear reactions based on prior experiences. Usually, these learning experiences are modeled in the lab with pairings between a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) (i.e., fear conditioning via CS-US pairings). Nevertheless, for humans, fear learning can also be based on verbal instructions. In this review, we consider the role of verbal instructions in laboratory fear learning. Specifically, we consider both the effects of verbal instructions on fear responses in the absence of CS-US pairings as well as the way in which verbal instructions moderate fear established via CS-US pairings. We first focus on the available empirical findings about both types of effects. More specifically, we consider how these effects are moderated by elements of the fear conditioning procedure (i.e., the stimuli, the outcome measures, the relationship between the stimuli, the participants, and the broader context). Thereafter, we discuss how well different mental-process models of fear learning account for these empirical findings. Finally, we conclude the review with a discussion of open questions and opportunities for future research.

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Section: Instructions Supporting Inferential Reasoningmentioning

confidence: 66%

A review on the effects of verbal instructions in human fear conditioning: Empirical findings, theoretical considerations, and future directions

Mertens

Boddez

Sevenster

et al. 2018

Biological Psychology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Whether contingency knowledge is regulated by an error-correction process remains an important question to address as cognitive factors have been shown to play a critical role in human extinction learning (for a review, see Lovibond, 2004). For example, Zeng et al (2015; see also Raes et al, 2011) recently demonstrated that, once a cue-outcome relationship is successfully extinguished, fear of that cue can be immediately restored by providing an alternative explanation for the absence of the aversive outcome during the extinction training. That is, if people reappraise the extinction experiments as providing no evidence about the status of the underlying cue-outcome relationship (akin to using “safety behaviors” in a clinical setting; Salkovskis, 1991), then their fear of the extinguished cue is restored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compound Stimulus Presentation Does Not Deepen Extinction in Human Causal Learning

2017

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Models of associative learning have proposed that cue-outcome learning critically depends on the degree of prediction error encountered during training. Two experiments examined the role of error-driven extinction learning in a human causal learning task. Target cues underwent extinction in the presence of additional cues, which differed in the degree to which they predicted the outcome, thereby manipulating outcome expectancy and, in the absence of any change in reinforcement, prediction error. These prediction error manipulations have each been shown to modulate extinction learning in aversive conditioning studies. While both manipulations resulted in increased prediction error during training, neither enhanced extinction in the present human learning task (one manipulation resulted in less extinction at test). The results are discussed with reference to the types of associations that are regulated by prediction error, the types of error terms involved in their regulation, and how these interact with parameters involved in training.

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“…The three conditioned stimuli were photographs of a square, a circle, and a polygon (Zeng et al, 2015).…”

Section: Conditioned Stimulimentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Acquired Disgust More Difficult to Extinguish Than Acquired Fear? an Event-Related Potential Study

Zeng

Zheng

2021

Front. Psychol.

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This study used the classical conditioned acquisition and extinction paradigm to compare which of the two emotions, acquired disgust and acquired fear, was more difficult to extinguish, based on behavioral assessments and the event-related potential (ERP) technique. Behavioral assessments revealed that, following successful conditioned extinction, acquired disgust was more difficult to extinguish. The ERP results showed that, at the early stage of P1, the amplitude of conditioned fear was significantly smaller than that of conditioned disgust, and both were significantly different from the amplitude under neutral conditions; at the middle stage of N2, the difference between the amplitudes of conditioned disgust and conditioned fear disappeared, but they were still significantly different from the amplitudes of conditioned neutral stimuli; at the late stage of P3, the difference between conditioned disgust and conditioned neutral stimuli disappeared, but the difference between conditioned fear and neutral stimuli remained, suggesting that acquired fear was more difficult to extinguish than acquired disgust in terms of how the brain works.

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Retrospective reversal of extinction of conditioned fear by instruction

Cited by 3 publications

References 26 publications

A review on the effects of verbal instructions in human fear conditioning: Empirical findings, theoretical considerations, and future directions

A review on the effects of verbal instructions in human fear conditioning: Empirical findings, theoretical considerations, and future directions

Compound Stimulus Presentation Does Not Deepen Extinction in Human Causal Learning

Is Acquired Disgust More Difficult to Extinguish Than Acquired Fear? an Event-Related Potential Study

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