Retrotransverse foramen of the atlas: prevalence and bony variations

Sanchis‐Gimeno, Juan A.; Blanco-Pérez, Esther; Pérez-Bermejo, Marcelino; Llidó, Susanna; Nalla, Shahed

doi:10.1007/s00586-017-5372-4

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…2016), and its prevalence in H. sapiens is approximately 7.5% (Sanchis‐Gimeno et al . 2018a). Thus, the VC3 atlas from the Sima de los Huesos site could present two anatomical variants (UTF plus RTF), while researchers have found that only 1.8% of H. sapiens present a UTF plus an RTF in the same atlas vertebra (Sanchis‐Gimeno et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the VC3 atlas from the Sima de los Huesos site could present two anatomical variants (UTF plus RTF), while researchers have found that only 1.8% of H. sapiens present a UTF plus an RTF in the same atlas vertebra (Sanchis‐Gimeno et al . 2018a). The possible anatomical variants in the extinct hominins that are mentioned in this study along with their prevalence in modern humans are summarized in Table 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2017; Pękala et al . 2018; Sanchis‐Gimeno et al 2018a; 2018b), little has been published about the presence of anatomical variants of the atlas in a Neanderthal population. Nevertheless, and in spite of the low number of Neanderthal atlases recovered to date, the presence of anatomical variations, such as non‐fused arches, has been described in the El Sidrón (Asturias, Northern Spain) Neanderthal group (Ríos et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Krapina atlases suggest a high prevalence of anatomical variations in the first cervical vertebra of Neanderthals

et al. 2020

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The first cervical vertebra, atlas, and its anatomical variants have been widely studied in Homo sapiens. However, in Neanderthals, the presence of anatomical variants of the atlas has been very little studied until very recently. Only the Neanderthal group from the El Sidrón site (Spain) has been analysed with regard to the anatomical variants of the atlas. A high prevalence of anatomical variants has been described in this sample, which points to low genetic diversity in this Neanderthal group. Even so, the high prevalence of anatomical variations detected in El Sidrón Neanderthal atlases needs to be confirmed by analysing more Neanderthal remains. In this context, we analysed the possible presence of anatomical variants in the three Neanderthal atlases recovered from the Krapina site (Croatia) within the Neanderthal lineage. Two of the three Krapina atlases presented anatomical variations. One atlas (Krapina 98) had an unclosed transverse foramen and the other (Krapina 99) presented a non‐fused anterior atlas arch. Moreover, an extended review of the bibliography also showed these anatomical variations in other Middle and Upper Pleistocene hominins, leading us to hypothesise that anatomical variations of the atlas had a higher prevalence in extinct hominins than in modern humans.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Krapina atlases suggest a high prevalence of anatomical variations in the first cervical vertebra of Neanderthals

et al. 2020

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“…It has been reported that the only advantage of this variation is the low risk of fracture, and it has also been reported that it usually leads to dissection by stretching the VA, vertebrobasilar ischemia during strong interventions in the cervical spine, complications in cases where C1-C2 stabilization is required, and Barre Lieou syndrome mostly by causing neurovascular compression (1,5,7,14,15,18,19,(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The vertebral venous plexus, perivascular sympathetic plexus and suboccipital nerve pass along with the vertebral artery (VA) and it is defined by more than one name in the literature (1,2) (Appendix 1). This foramen, which is normally found in the first cervical vertebrae of primates and other lower vertebrates, has been reported in complete or incomplete types in humans, and its prevalence ranges from 5% to 68% (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Importance of Arcuate Foramen, A Variation of the Atlas: A Microsurgical Cadaveric Study and Review of the Literature

Keser¹,

Çıkla²,

Özaydın³

et al. 2019

Istanbul Med J

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Amaç: Arkuat foramen (AF) atlasın posterior arkındaki vertebral arter (VA) oluğunda (sulkus arteriae vertebralis) bulunan, prevalansı bölgesel ve etnik faktörler nedeni ile değişebilen osseöz bir varyasyondur. AF'nin içindeki yapılara bası oluşturarak vertebrobaziler yetmezlik bulgularına neden olduğu düşünülse de bu kliniği açıklayacak yeterli sayıda kadavra çalışması yoktur. Yöntemler: AF varyasyonun insidansını ve içinden geçen VA ile olan ilişkisini değerlendirmek için renkli silikon enjekte edilmiş ve rastgele olarak seçilmiş 10 kadavranın 20 tarafı Wisconsin Üniversitesi Nöroanatomi Laboratuvarı'nda mikroşirürjikal yöntem ile incelendi. Bulgular: Örneklerin %30'unda atlasta komplet tipte AF varyasyonu saptandı. Bu varyasyon iki olguda sağda tek taraflı iken bir olguda bilateraldi. AF'nin ortalama boyutları sağda D1=6 mm, D2=5,5 mm, solda D1=7,5 mm, D2=6,5 mm, VA'nın ortalama çapı ise foramen öncesi, foramen içi ve foramen sonrası sırası ile sağda 4 mm, 2,5 mm ve 3 mm, solda 6 mm, 4 mm ve 5 mm idi. Olguların hepsinde suboksipital sinir AF içerisinde VA'ya eşlik ediyordu. Sonuç: Bu varyasyonun yüksek insidansının olabileceğinin bilinmesi kraniyoservikal bileşke ameliyatlarından önce ameliyat stratejisinin belirlenmesini ve hayati tehlike yaratabilecek arter yaralanmalarının engellenmesini sağlayabilir. Ayrıca, AF boyutlarının VA'nın rahatlıkla geçişine uygun olmasına karşın foramen içinden geçen diğer yapılar nedeni ile arteryel bası oluşturduğunun görülmesi foramen dekompresyonu ile olguların çoğunun rahatlama nedenini de açıklayabilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Arkuat foramen, atlas, kadavra çalışması, osseöz anomali, vertebral arter, vertebrobaziler yetmezlik Introduction: Arcuate foramen (AF) is an osseous variation located on the vertebral artery (VA) groove (sulcus arteriae vertebralis) at the posterior arch of the atlas. Its prevalence may vary due to regional and ethnic factors. Although it is thought that it causes compression of the structures inside AF and causes vertebrobasilar insufficiency, there are not enough cadaver studies to explain this clinical condition. Methods: To evaluate the incidence of AF variation and its relationship with VA, 20 sides of 10 randomly selected and silicone injected cadaveric heads were examined by microsurgical method at the University of Wisconsin Neuroanatomy Laboratory. Results: Complete AF variation in atlas was detected in 30% of the samples. This variation was unilateral on the right side in two cases and bilateral in one case. The mean dimensions of AF were D1=6 mm and D2=5.5 mm on the right, and D1=7.5 mm and D2=6.5 mm on the left. The mean pre-foraminal, foraminal and post-foraminal diameters of VA were 4 mm, 2.5 mm and 3 mm, respectively, on the right, and 6 mm, 4 mm and 5 mm, respectively, on the left. In all cases, the suboccipital nerve was accompanying VA in the AF. Conclusion: Being aware that this variation may have a high incidence may help to determine surgical strategy before craniocervical junction surgery and prevent life-threatening arterial injuries...

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Arcuate foramen: “Anatomical variation shape or adaptation legacy?”

et al. 2019

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Retrotransverse foramen of the atlas: prevalence and bony variations

Abstract: The RTF is a nonmetric variant of the atlas vertebra that can present non-degenerative and non-traumatic spiculae or it can be unclosed. In addition, it can be associated with the presence of unclosed transverse foramina.

Cited by 14 publications

References 19 publications

Krapina atlases suggest a high prevalence of anatomical variations in the first cervical vertebra of Neanderthals

Krapina atlases suggest a high prevalence of anatomical variations in the first cervical vertebra of Neanderthals

The Importance of Arcuate Foramen, A Variation of the Atlas: A Microsurgical Cadaveric Study and Review of the Literature

Arcuate foramen: “Anatomical variation shape or adaptation legacy?”

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