Retroviridae

Frossard, Jean‐Pierre

doi:10.1002/9781119650836.ch65

Cited by 1 publication

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…They induce the development of tumors in a wide variety of organs of chickens in less than three months after initial exposure, causing their early death. Slow-transforming ALVs (ALV "sensu stricto" and the object of this review), which are replication-competent, produce tumors in only a small percentage of chickens [15]. Since its discovery it has been one of the most studied retroviruses to date, and nowadays ALV remains one of the highest potential pathogens in the poultry industry.…”

Section: Current Relevance Of Alvmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ALV subgroups A, B, C, D, J and K are exogenous. From these, ALV-A and ALV-J are the most prevalent while the others are scarce in comparison [15,42], though ALV-K and recombinants are not rare in some populations [20,43]. ALV-A and ALV-B are recognized as the classic and common pathogenic exogenous viruses that induce lymphoid leukosis, erythroblastosis [44,45], as well as glioma development [46] in chickens.…”

Section: Exogenous Alv Subgroupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ALV-J was first isolated in 1988 in broilers as a virus producing myelocytic myeloid leukosis in England [48], though no field cases of ALV-J infection or tumors in layer chickens were observed worldwide until 2004 [49]. Differently from A and B subgroups, ALV-J mostly induces myeloid leukosis in the host in the form of myeloblastosis, myelocytomatosis [1,15] and hemangioma [50]. It has originated from recombination between exogenous retroviruses and the EAV-HP retrotransposon from the EAV family (other endogenous sequences different from ALV-E) to which they present a similarity of 97% for the env gene [1,51], compared to only 40% to the gp85(SU) sequence of ALV-A through ALV-E [5,52].…”

Section: Exogenous Alv Subgroupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ALV subgroups A, B, C, D, J and K are exogenous. From these, ALV-A and ALV-J are the most prevalent while the others are scarce in comparison [15,42], though ALV-K and recombinants are not rare in some populations [20,43]. ALV-A and ALV-B are recognized ALV-K is the most recently characterized subgroup.…”

Section: Exogenous Alv Subgroupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ALV oncogenesis starts when an oncogene like c-myc, c-myb or c-bic is up-regulated by the potent enhancer elements in the 5 LTR [5]. This is termed as insertional oncogenesis [15,111]. Curiously, c-bic was later found to encode a microRNA, miR-155 [112].…”

Section: Alv Infection Of the Cellmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Avian Leukosis: Will We Be Able to Get Rid of It?

Fandiño,

Gomez-Lucia,

Benítez

et al. 2023

Animals

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Avian leukosis viruses (ALVs) have been virtually eradicated from commercial poultry. However, some niches remain as pockets from which this group of viruses may reemerge and induce economic losses. Such is the case of fancy, hobby, backyard chickens and indigenous or native breeds, which are not as strictly inspected as commercial poultry and which have been found to harbor ALVs. In addition, the genome of both poultry and of several gamebird species contain endogenous retroviral sequences. Circumstances that support keeping up surveillance include the detection of several ALV natural recombinants between exogenous and endogenous ALV-related sequences which, combined with the well-known ability of retroviruses to mutate, facilitate the emergence of escape mutants. The subgroup most prevalent nowadays, ALV-J, has emerged as a multi-recombinant which uses a different receptor from the previously known subgroups, greatly increasing its cell tropism and pathogenicity and making it more transmissible. In this review we describe the ALVs, their different subgroups and which receptor they use to infect the cell, their routes of transmission and their presence in different bird collectivities, and the immune response against them. We analyze the different systems to control them, from vaccination to the progress made editing the bird genome to generate mutated ALV receptors or selecting certain haplotypes.

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Section: Current Relevance Of Alvmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exogenous Alv Subgroupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exogenous Alv Subgroupsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ALV subgroups A, B, C, D, J and K are exogenous. From these, ALV-A and ALV-J are the most prevalent while the others are scarce in comparison [15,42], though ALV-K and recombinants are not rare in some populations [20,43]. ALV-A and ALV-B are recognized ALV-K is the most recently characterized subgroup.…”

Section: Exogenous Alv Subgroupsmentioning

confidence: 99%