Return Migration and the Development of the Italian Mezzogiorno

Return migration in Andalusia, Spain

“…From a historical perspective, and as a group, returnees are regarded as only having a`con-servative' in¯uence on their place of destination, because the rural environments from which the former emigrants came tended to hinder the development of new economic activities (King et al, 1984). Even the`younger' returnees faced huge dif®culties ®nding jobs that matched the jobs that they had as emigrants (Berrocal, 1984).…”