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This article reports on the findings of a study undertaken for the Army Eastern District into applications and recruitment in the county of Essex. The data were for one year, 4 January 1988-3 January 1989, and were taken from the 951 DAR1 forms of young people who applied to join the Army. The data were entered and manipulated using INGRES and SPSS-X and the mapping, based on POSTCODE/Grid Referencing, used the GIMMS 5.1 computer mapping package. The study established the feasibility of creating applications/recruitment databases for monitoring the recruitment process. It also demonstrated the value of social and spatial analysis in gaining an understanding of where applicants and recruits come from and their relationship to the local pool of young people (data available from the National Census). This type of information is essential for the development of management information systems to ensure cost effective targeting of recruitment resources. The report recommends the extension of the methodology in a full-scale study and also highlights the need for a greater understanding of young people's aspirations and attitudes to both civilian and armed forces jobs.

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Amongst a growing literature on intra-European return migration there has been little attention paid to urban settlements. This paper, based on 211 interviews of returned migrants in the south Italian city of Bari, aims to rectify this deficiency. A number of hypotheses concerning the distinctiveness of urban return are put forward and tested using official migration statistics and the questionnaire information, including data from a control sample of 415 rural returnees. As an example of an urban area in an emigration region, Bari is found to experience less emigration and more return migration, than its surrounding rural areas. Its returnees have been to a wider range of destination countries, and for longer periods, than the rural control group. They are also a more diverse group in their employment patterns, both before, during and after migration, and have different attitudes towards migration and return and different priorities and opportunities for the use of migrant savings.