Return of fear after retrospective inferences about the absence of an unconditioned stimulus during extinction

Raes, An; Houwer, Jan De; Verschuere, Bruno; Raedt, Rudi De

doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.12.004

Cited by 14 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(44 reference statements)

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“…The SCR (lS) amplitude is the difference between the trough and the apex of the skin conductance level curve within 1 s to 8 s after CS onset (Prenoveau, Craske, Liao, & Ornitz, 2012). The amplitudes with corrected ranges were transformed to square roots prior to further analysis to normalize the data (Raes et al, 2011).…”

Section: Skin Conductance Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second difference from the study of Raes et al (2011) is the retrospective inference they required for participants to do, which was very simple. For example, there was a single cue included from AÀ/BÀ to A+/BÀ.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In the present study, we recorded US expectancy ratings online, which is much better than the retrospective ratings used by Raes et al (2011), because the rating taken post hoc would represent an average contingency judgment ''calculated'' from all contingency experiences throughout the experimental procedure rather than the latest contingency judgment between stimuli (Lipp, Oughton, & LeLievre, 2003;Lipp & Purkis, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…We made three changes compared to the study of Raes et al (2011). The first is that we used a within-subjects design to ensure that all participants were exposed to an AAA situation.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Our design was based on Raes et al (2011). Participants received pairings of colored squares with a loud unpleasant noise, and then they received extinction when the squares were no longer followed by the noise.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retrospective reversal of extinction of conditioned fear by instruction

Zeng

Jia

Wang

et al. 2015

Consciousness and Cognition

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Section: Skin Conductance Responsementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We made three changes compared to the study of Raes et al (2011). The first is that we used a within-subjects design to ensure that all participants were exposed to an AAA situation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retrospective reversal of extinction of conditioned fear by instruction

Zeng

Jia

Wang

et al. 2015

Consciousness and Cognition

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Instructed fear stimuli bias visual attention

et al. 2018

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A review on the effects of verbal instructions in human fear conditioning: Empirical findings, theoretical considerations, and future directions

Mertens

Boddez

Sevenster

et al. 2018

Biological Psychology

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Fear learning reflects the adaptive ability to learn to anticipate aversive events and to display preparatory fear reactions based on prior experiences. Usually, these learning experiences are modeled in the lab with pairings between a neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) and an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) (i.e., fear conditioning via CS-US pairings). Nevertheless, for humans, fear learning can also be based on verbal instructions. In this review, we consider the role of verbal instructions in laboratory fear learning. Specifically, we consider both the effects of verbal instructions on fear responses in the absence of CS-US pairings as well as the way in which verbal instructions moderate fear established via CS-US pairings. We first focus on the available empirical findings about both types of effects. More specifically, we consider how these effects are moderated by elements of the fear conditioning procedure (i.e., the stimuli, the outcome measures, the relationship between the stimuli, the participants, and the broader context). Thereafter, we discuss how well different mental-process models of fear learning account for these empirical findings. Finally, we conclude the review with a discussion of open questions and opportunities for future research.

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Return of fear after retrospective inferences about the absence of an unconditioned stimulus during extinction

Cited by 14 publications

References 24 publications

Retrospective reversal of extinction of conditioned fear by instruction

Retrospective reversal of extinction of conditioned fear by instruction

Instructed fear stimuli bias visual attention

A review on the effects of verbal instructions in human fear conditioning: Empirical findings, theoretical considerations, and future directions

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