“…By contrast, subnanogram gas chromatographic (GC) detection is feasible only after extensive sample cleanup, preconcentration, and derivatization (18)(19)(20). The detection limits obtained here are superior to those obtained by other competitive methods for direct determination of carbamate pesticides without preconcentration, including direct injection gas chromatography (GC) (>10 ng) (20,21), LC with direct optimized variable-wavelength UV detection (1-10 ng) (20,(22)(23)(24)(25), fluorescence detection after derivatization (typically 1-10 ng (26)(27)(28), 0.5 ng in one case (29), and electrochemical detection with glassy carbon electrodes (typically 1-10 ng) (7,8). Detection limits range from several-fold to as much as 60-fold better than reported previously for the same compounds using other electrode materials (7,8).…”