Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene in the presence of oxygen

Zhang, Zhengbiao; Zhu, Jian; Cheng, Zhenping; Zhu, Xiulin

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2007.05.055

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…To avoid or to reduce the aforementioned shortcomings, monomer TH with thiourea moiety and the corresponding polymer PTH (Scheme ) were prepared. As an innovative on colorimetric sensors, PTH was synthesized by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), which was one of the most promising controlled/living radical polymerization methods that can control the molecular weight and distribution with the usage of chain transfer agent, such as esters disulfide compounds 16–21. The use of RAFT can not only control the degree of polymerization, but also keep the polymer active, which can guarantee further modification to improve polymer's properties, such as solubility, functionality, and so on 22–24.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A randomized controlled trial of an appearance‐focused intervention to prevent skin cancer

Hillhouse

Turrisi

Stapleton

et al. 2008

Cancer

168

156

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BACKGROUND Skin cancer represents a significant health threat with over 1.3 million diagnoses, 8000 melanoma deaths, and more than $1 billion spent annually for skin cancer healthcare in the US. Despite findings from laboratory, case-control, and prospective studies that indicate a link between youthful indoor tanning (IT) and skin cancer, IT is increasing among US youth. Appearance-focused interventions represent a promising method to counteract these trends. METHODS A total of 430 female indoor tanners were randomized into intervention or no intervention control conditions. Intervention participants received an appearance-focused booklet based on decision-theoretical models of health behavior. Outcome variables included self-reports of IT behavior and intentions, as well as measures of cognitive mediating variables. RESULTS Normative increases in springtime IT rates were significantly lower (ie, over 35%) at 6-month follow-up in intervention versus control participants with similar reductions in future intentions. Mediation analyses revealed 6 cognitive variables (IT attitudes, fashion attitudes, perceived susceptibility to skin cancer and skin damage, subjective norms, and image norms) that significantly mediated change in IT behavior. CONCLUSIONS The appearance-focused intervention demonstrated strong effects on IT behavior and intentions in young indoor tanners. Appearance-focused approaches to skin cancer prevention need to present alternative behaviors as well as alter IT attitudes. Mediational results provide guides for strengthening future appearance-focused interventions directed at behaviors that increase risk of skin cancer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A randomized controlled trial of an appearance‐focused intervention to prevent skin cancer

Hillhouse

Turrisi

Stapleton

et al. 2008

Cancer

168

156

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“…The formation of oligo(peroxide)s in this work seems to be at a higher rate than that in MMA or St bulk. The buildup equivalent concentration of oligo(MMA peroxide)s after interpolymerization for 3 h at 80 °C grew from 1.17 × 10 −3 to 2.63 × 10 −3 mol L −1 with the initial O 2 concentration, [O 2 ] 0 , increasing from 5.0 × 10 −3 to 1.50 × 10 −2 mol L −1 , while that of oligo(St peroxide)s after interpolymerization for hours at 110 °C increased from 4.61 × 10 −3 to 5.80 × 10 −3 mol L −1 with [O 2 ] 0 increasing from 5.0 × 10 −3 to 2.80 × 10 −2 mol L −1 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since spontaneous initiation via in situ O 2 activation is very difficult to completely avert, it is feasible to directly adopt it as an initiation technique? There have been several reports that spontaneous initiation via in situ O 2 activation (interpolymerization or formation of Cu I –O 2 oxidative complexes) serves as the sole initiation technique for reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization (RAFT) or atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) . Table summarizes the cumulative concentration of propagating radicals under different conditions, which have reported.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally Induced Aerobic Autopolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in Amide-Type Solvents: Simultaneous Polymerization during Induction via Direct In Situ O₂ Activation

Liu

Zhai

2015

Macromol. Chem. Phys.

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The thermally induced spontaneously initiated autopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) upon air exposure in amide‐type polar solvents at 75–90 °C is unexpectedly observed and then investigated. By using iodometric analysis, it is confirmed that oligo(MMA peroxide)s in situ form at a moderate rate via thermally induced interpolymerization of MMA with O2 diffusing from air above 70 °C and give rise to an equivalent concentration above 10−4 mol L−1 in 2–4 h in N,N‐dimethylacetamide, N,N‐dimethylformamide, and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (in a descending order of the formation rate). Simultaneously, oligo(MMA peroxide) undergoes thermally induced homolytic decomposition into alkyloxyl radicals to initiate polymerization of MMA in the above solvents at a rate comparable to those initiated by chemical initiators. Thus, the thermally induced in situ O2 activation into peroxides via interpolymerization accounts for the spontaneous initiation of the autopolymerization of MMA in these solvents at moderate temperature.

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“…We found MMA [54] or styrene [55] can be polymerized to get the polymers with high molecular weight by using CPDN as the RAFT agent in thermal initiation system in the presence of a small amount of oxygen. To our knowledge, these are the first two reports about the synthesis of high molecular weight polymers by RAFT polymerization with controlled characteristics.…”

Section: Design and Synthesis Of Functional Raft Agents And Their Appmentioning

confidence: 96%

Mechanism study and molecular design in controlled/“living” radical polymerization

Tu¹,

Cheng²,

Zhang³

et al. 2010

Sci. China Chem.

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This tutorial review summarizes recent progress in the research field of controlled/"living" radical polymerization (CLRP) from Soochow University. The present paper gives a broad overview of the mechanism study and molecular design in CLRP. The mechanism study in CLRP aided by microwave, initiated by -radiation at low temperature, mediated by iron, in reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and the mechanism transfer between different CLRP processes are reviewed and summarized. The molecular design in CLRP, especially in RAFT polymerization for mechanism study, and in achieving tailor-made functional polymers is studied and discussed in the later part.controlled/"living" radical polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization, molecule design, mechanism study

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Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene in the presence of oxygen

Cited by 23 publications

References 32 publications

A randomized controlled trial of an appearance‐focused intervention to prevent skin cancer

A randomized controlled trial of an appearance‐focused intervention to prevent skin cancer

Thermally Induced Aerobic Autopolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in Amide-Type Solvents: Simultaneous Polymerization during Induction via Direct In Situ O₂ Activation

Mechanism study and molecular design in controlled/“living” radical polymerization

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Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene in the presence of oxygen

Cited by 23 publications

References 32 publications

A randomized controlled trial of an appearance‐focused intervention to prevent skin cancer

A randomized controlled trial of an appearance‐focused intervention to prevent skin cancer

Thermally Induced Aerobic Autopolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in Amide-Type Solvents: Simultaneous Polymerization during Induction via Direct In Situ O2 Activation

Mechanism study and molecular design in controlled/“living” radical polymerization

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Product

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Thermally Induced Aerobic Autopolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate in Amide-Type Solvents: Simultaneous Polymerization during Induction via Direct In Situ O₂ Activation