Problematic issues with electrically inert binders have
been less
serious in the conventional lithium-ion batteries by virtue of permeable
liquid electrolytes (LEs) for ionic connection and/or carbonaceous
additives for electronic connection in the electrodes. Contrary to
electron-conductive binders used to maximize an active loading level,
the development of ion-conductive binders has been lacking owing to
the LE-filled electrode configuration. Herein, we represent a tactical
strategy for improving the interfacial Li+ conduction in
all-solid-state electrolyte-free graphite (EFG) electrodes where the
solid electrolytes are entirely excluded, using lithium-substitution-modulated
(LSM) binders. Finely tuning a lithium substitution ratio, a conductive
LSM–carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) binder is prepared from a
controlled direct Na+/Li+ exchange reaction
without a hazardous acid involvement. The EFG electrode employing
LSM with a maximum degree of substitution of lithium (DSLi) of ∼68% in our study shows a considerably higher rate capability
of 1.05 mA h cm–2 at 1 C and a capacity retention
of ∼61.9% after 200 cycles at 0.5 C than those using sodium-CMC
(Na-CMC) (0.78 mA h cm–2, ∼49.5%) and LSM
with ∼35% lithium substitution (0.93 mA h cm–2, ∼55.4%). More importantly, the correlation between the phase
transition near the bottom region of the EFG electrode and the state
of charge (SOC) is systematically investigated, clarifying that the
improvement of the interfacial conduction is proportional to the DSLi of the CMC binders. Theoretical calculations combined with
experimental results further verify that creating the continuous interface
through abundant pathways for mobile ions using the Li+-conductive binder is the enhancement mechanism of the interfacial
conduction in the EFG electrode, mitigating serious charge transfer
resistance.