“…In the current article, Van Howe starts off by repeating speculative claims by himself and others disputing the proven benefits of MC in reducing the risk of HIV infection, while ignoring the critiques that have disproved such claims (Banerjee et al, 2011;Morris, 2012;Morris et al, 2012;Wamai, Morris, Bailey, Klausner, & Boedicker, 2015;Wamai et al, 2008;Wamai et al, 2012). For example, he repeats discredited claims that, 'multiple, complex and unidentified factors may influence how much HIV risk is attributed to circumcision status', going on to speculate, 'These may include differences in blood exposures (from health care and/or cosmetic and ritual practices), sexual practices, sexual mixing patterns, risk behaviour adjustment, the strain of HIV responsible for infection and cultural factors.'…”