Review and Prospect of BIM Policy in China

BIM policy and management

“…In contrast, China started to develop BIM guidelines and standards in 2001 (Liu et al 2017). In 2011, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (MOHURD) released the "Outline of Development of Construction Industry Informatization (2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)", which emphasized BIM as a core technology to support and improve the construction industry.…”

“…In 2016, MOHURD issued an updated version of their "Outline of Development of Construction Industry Informatization (2016-2020)" that proposed enhancing the integrative applications of information technologies like BIM, big data, etc. However, according to Liu et al (2017) and (Jin et al 2015), the main barriers to the successful adoption of BIM in China include: cultural resistance; the low cost of manpower; the lack of domestic BIM data exchange standards, evaluation criteria, and BIM project implementation standards; and the lack of qualified BIM professionals.…”

Biopharmaceutical Innovation System in China: System Evolution and Policy Transitions (Pre-1990s-2010s)

“…On the one hand, the stateowned enterprises could not get technology transfers from the MNCs, which were extremely sensitive in protecting their intellectual properties. 12 On the other hand, these domestic enterprises had limited opportunities to receive practical knowledge of modern biotechnology from the domestic universities or public research institutes, as these learning centres focused mainly on pure academic research. As a result, the state-owned pharmaceutical enterprises had to continuously produce the relatively advanced biochemical products, such as the blood products and vaccines, but were unable to compete with MNCs in the domestic market.…”

“…This invention was transferred for production to Kexing Biotech in 1989). 12 Since the mid-1990s, growing numbers of pharmacy departments of universities and public research institutes conducted extensive research in biotechnology and biopharmaceuticals. Numerous departments and programmes for the study of biopharmaceuticals were founded in the pharmacy schools.…”

Mining building information modeling (BIM) event logs for improved project management

“…In the UK, the awareness of BIM utilization has Chapter 1 -Introduction 2 reached over 90% in 2013, and BIM level 2 has even become mandatory for public sector works (Travaglini, Radujković et al 2014). Although China is a relatively late starter in BIM, the government has formulated a series of relevant policies and standards to actively promote BIM since 2011, and the recent large-scale projects, including Shanghai tower and Shanghai Disneyland, are the representative cases of the successful BIM application (Liu, Wang et al 2017). Under the fast development and application of BIM, the annual number of relevant research papers has exhibited an upward tendency.…”