Review and Survey of Methods for Analysis of Impurities in Hydrogen for Fuel Cell Vehicles According to ISO 14687:2019

Abstract

Gaseous hydrogen for fuel cell electric vehicles must meet quality standards such as ISO 14687:2019 which contains maximal control thresholds for several impurities which could damage the fuel cells or the infrastructure. A review of analytical techniques for impurities analysis has already been carried out by Murugan et al. in 2014. Similarly, this document intends to review the sampling of hydrogen and the available analytical methods, together with a survey of laboratories performing the analysis of hydrogen about the techniques being used. Most impurities are addressed, however some of them are challenging, especially the halogenated compounds since only some halogenated compounds are covered, not all of them. The analysis of impurities following ISO 14687:2019 remains expensive and complex, enhancing the need for further research in this area. Novel and promising analyzers have been developed which need to be validated according to ISO 21087:2019 requirements.

Adoption of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles and Its Prospects for the Future (A Review)

“…The bus operation lifetime reached 18 thousand hours in the United Kingdom, 25 thousand hours in California 76 . In Europe, the affordability of the fuel cell bus crossed 90 percent than before, and hydrogen fuel refill stations rose around 96% than before 77 . Table 5 presents the Fuel cell bus operation, count.…”

AI-assisted chemical reaction impurity prediction and propagation

“…example, we observed no new impurities coming from reactions with trace metal impurities (Hg, As, Pb, Cd) in nitric acid (HNO 3 ), multiple impurities from reactions with ammonia (NH 3 ), formaldehyde (HCHO), formic acid (HCOOH), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in hydrogen gas (H 2 ), and the lone impurity formed by reaction with acetic acid (CH 3 COOH) impurity in acetic anhydride (Ac 2 O) (Figure 3, structures in green). Known impurities in the reagents were obtained from the literature [13,14,15].…”

Loosening CO Limit 25-Fold for Hydrogen: Coupling Material Development and Operation Optimization of Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

“…High quality of hydrogen is critical to the guarantee of end usage in hydrogen fuel cell [i.e., proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs)] electric vehicles (FCEVs) with a long lifetime and low cost. − The commercialization of FCEV requires a large number of hydrogen refueling stations in the future, and the hydrogen available at these stations should meet the ISO standards (ISO 14687: 2019) to refuel an FCEV. , The currently used hydrogen is predominately produced from steam methane reforming of natural gas or other hydrocarbons, which inevitably introduces poisoned impurities [e.g., carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), and ammonia (NH 3 )] in the anode hydrogen stream of PEMFCs, leading to a decreased durability of FCEV. − Purification treatment (e.g., by using pressure swing adsorption) is thus required to reduce the concentration of impurities to meet hydrogen feed standards for FCEV with the aim of achieving a long lifetime, but the industrial chain cost of the hydrogen mobility will be significantly increased. , Therefore, searching an effective strategy to loosen the impurity limit of hydrogen is of great significance for cost reduction of hydrogen mobility.…”