Review Article on Kidney Stones

Abstract

Kidney stones impact up to 5% of the population, with a lifetime probability of passing one of these stones of 8-10%. In the industrialized world, a higher frequency of kidney stones is linked to higher living standards and is significantly linked to race or ethnicity as well as geographic location. Men have higher urine calcium oxalate saturation in the summer, while women have it in the early winter. Three stones are twice as common in men as they are in women. Men attain their peak age at 30, while women achieve their peak between the ages of 35 and 55. In five to seven years, a kidney stone has a 50 percent risk of developing again. Conclusion: Although much progress has been made in understanding nephrolithiasis caused by single gene abnormalities, polygenetic origins of kidney stones remain mostly unknown. The chemical composition of precipitating solutes in urine has accounted for a large portion of the data that has led to novel therapeutic and preventative strategies, which can be empirical or definitive. Manipulation of inhibitors and epithelial factors is critical, and additional research is needed. Physicians and scientists must collaborate to better understand the aetiology of nephrolithiasis in order to make progress in treatment.