Review article: Polymer-matrix Nanocomposites, Processing, Manufacturing, and                 Application: An Overview

Hussain, Farzana; Hojjati, Mehdi; Okamoto, Masami; Gorga, Russell E.

doi:10.1177/0021998306067321

Cited by 2,024 publications

(1,256 citation statements)

References 276 publications

(427 reference statements)

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“…For example, the storage modulus and conductivity of polyimide are greatly improved by integrating carbon nanotubes into the polymer [1,2] and the addition of a small amount of fullerene materials has led to a 30-40 % increase in Young's modulus and the tensile strength of polyamides. [2] Graphene is a single layer two-dimensional graphitic carbon material packed densely in a honeycomb crystal structure, with promising mechanical, electrical, optical, thermal and magnetic properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covalently linked biocompatible graphene/polycaprolactone composites for tissue engineering

Sayyar¹,

Murray²,

Thompson³

et al. 2013

Carbon

236

156

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Two synthesis routes to graphene/polycaprolactone composites are introduced and the properties of the resulting composites compared. In the first method, mixtures are produced using solution processing of polycaprolactone and well dispersed, chemically reduced graphene oxide and in the second, an esterification reaction covalently links polycaprolactone chains to free carboxyl groups on the graphene sheets. This is achieved through the use of a stable anhydrous dimethylformamide dispersion of graphene that has been highly chemically reduced resulting in mostly peripheral ester linkages. The resulting covalently linked composites exhibit far better homogeneity and as a result, both Young's modulus and tensile strength more than double and electrical conductivities increase by 14 orders of magnitude over the pristine polymer at less than 10 per cent graphene content. In vitro cytotoxicity testing of the materials showed good biocompatibility resulting in promising materials for use as conducting substrates for the electrically stimulated growth of cells. Two synthesis routes to graphene/polycaprolactone composites are introduced and the properties of the resulting composites compared. In the first method, mixtures are produced using solution processing of polycaprolactone and well dispersed, chemically reduced graphene oxide and in the second, an esterification reaction covalently links polycaprolactone chains to free carboxyl groups on the graphene sheets. This is achieved through the use of a stable anhydrous dimethylformamide dispersion of graphene that has been highly chemically reduced resulting in mostly peripheral ester linkages. The resulting covalently linked composites exhibit far better homogeneity and as a result, both Young's modulus and tensile strength more than double and electrical conductivities increase by ≈ 14 orders of magnitude over the pristine polymer at less than 10 % graphene content. In vitro cytotoxicity testing of the materials showed good biocompatibility resulting in promising materials for use as conducting substrates for the electrically stimulated growth of cells.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covalently linked biocompatible graphene/polycaprolactone composites for tissue engineering

Sayyar¹,

Murray²,

Thompson³

et al. 2013

Carbon

236

156

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“…Significant attention has been devoted in the past two decades toward the development and investigation of polymer nanocomposites, in which the incorporation of a mechanically robust, high-aspect-ratio nanoscale filler significantly enhances the mechanical properties compared to the neat polymer or conventional composites (1). Nanofillers such as clay, silica, and carbon nanotubes, in which at least one of the dimensions is on the length scale of a few nanometers, have been extensively exploited (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose Whisker/Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites

Tang¹,

Weder²

2010

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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New nanocomposites composed of cellulose nanofibers or "whiskers" and an epoxy resin were prepared. Cellulose whiskers with aspect ratios of ∼10 and ∼84 were isolated from cotton and sea animals called tunicates, respectively. Suspensions of these whiskers in dimethylformamide were combined with an oligomeric difunctional diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with an epoxide equivalent weight of 185-192 and a diethyl toluenediamine-based curing agent. Thin films were produced by casting these mixtures and subsequent curing. The whisker content was systematically varied between 4 and 24% v/v. Electron microscopy studies suggest that the whiskers are evenly dispersed within the epoxy matrix. Dynamic mechanical thermoanalysis revealed that the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the materials was not significantly influenced by the incorporation of the cellulose filler. Between room temperature and 150°C, i.e., below T g , the tensile storage moduli (E′) of the nanocomposites increased modestly, for example from 1.6 GPa for the neat polymer to 4.9 and 3.6 GPa for nanocomposites comprising 16% v/v tunicate or cotton whiskers. The relative reinforcement was more significant at 185°C (i.e., above T g ), where E′ was increased from ∼16 MPa (neat polymer) to ∼1.6 GPa (tunicate) or ∼215 MPa (cotton). The mechanical properties of the new materials are well-described by the percolation model and are the result of the formation of a percolating whisker network in which stress transfer is facilitated by strong interactions between the whiskers.

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“…[26] The composite approach is attractive because it also improves the mechanical properties in terms of hardness, stiffness, scratch resistance, and coefficient of thermal expansion. [27][28][29][30] However, the huge increase in viscosity due to the presence of nano-sized fillers often presents a challenge for processing. Moreover, solid particles with size comparable to nanostructures are likely to compromise the dimensional accuracy of these structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoimprint Lithography with UV‐Curable Hyperbranched Polymer Nanocomposites

Geiser

Jin

Leterrier

2010

Macromolecular Symposia

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Summary: Nano-scale patterns were produced with UV-curable acrylated hyperbranched polymer nanocomposites using nanoimprint lithography with a glass master in a rapid, low-pressure process. The pattern of the glass master was replicated with composites containing up to 25 vol% SiO 2 with a shape fidelity better than 98%. Photo-rheology, interferometry and atomic force microscopy were used to analyze the material behavior. Attention was paid to the relationship between composition, nanoparticle dispersion, kinetics of photo-polymerisation, shrinkage, pressure and shape fidelity of nano-gratings. It was shown that the gel-point of the nanocomposite was an important factor that determined the stability as well as the dimensions of the imprinted structure. Dimensional accuracy also strongly depended on the level of internal stress, which in fact increased with the amount of silica. A resin rich layer on the surface of the composite accounted for the good surface quality of the nano-pattern.

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Review article: Polymer-matrix Nanocomposites, Processing, Manufacturing, and Application: An Overview

Cited by 2,024 publications

References 276 publications

Covalently linked biocompatible graphene/polycaprolactone composites for tissue engineering

Covalently linked biocompatible graphene/polycaprolactone composites for tissue engineering

Cellulose Whisker/Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites

Nanoimprint Lithography with UV‐Curable Hyperbranched Polymer Nanocomposites

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