Review—Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic (bio)sensors Based on Phthalocyanines. A Minireview

Abstract

Phthalocyanines forms a class of compounds with excellent properties. Due to their electrochemical and electrocatalytic activities they were used as an electron mediator between the enzyme molecules and electrode substrate. In this minireview, the importance of utilization of phthalocyanines in the design of the sensors and biosensors was investigated.

GQDs Incorporated CoPc Nanorods for Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine and Uric Acid

“…[32,33] Among them, cobalt-phthalocyanine (CoPc) is one of the excellent electrocatalysts for biomolecules detections due to its highly conjugated structure of 16 π electrons on the carbon-nitrogen inner ring between the Co atom center and the ligands, and the high chemical stability. [34,35] CoPc modified electrodes have been employed for biosensors to detect glucose, [35,36] DA, [37] UA, [38] etc. Besides, the catalytic properties of CoPc can be improved through grafting substituents on its ligands.…”

Phthalocyanines: An Old Dog Can Still Have New (Photo)Tricks!

“…Beyond their absorption features, many other recognized properties arose from the preparation of Pcs, allowing these macrocycles to be considered leading chemical entities, applied in several technologies over the years, including as catalysts [7][8][9][10], sensors [11][12][13], thin films [14][15][16][17], liquid crystals [18][19][20], semi-conductors [21][22][23], textile dyes [24,25], light-harvesting dyes in solar cells/organic photovoltaics [26][27][28][29], absorbers in nonlinear optics [30][31][32][33][34][35][36], photocatalysts [37,38], photosensitizers in phototherapies [39,40], photosensitizers photodynamic inactivation of bacteria [41,42], and as contrast agents in medical imaging [43][44][45][46]. Of the many applications found for phthalocyanines over the many decades after their discovery [47][48][49], recent years witnessed a solid growth in applications for phthalocyanines, particularly those relying on their excelling photophysical propert...…”

Octopus‐Type Crown‐Bisphthalocyaninate Anchor for Bottom‐Up Assembly of Supramolecular Bilayers with Expanded Redox‐Switching Capability

“…[ 7–9 ] Broad possibilities of their structural modifications afford tailoring their functional characteristics, and introduction of anchor groups allows grafting of resulting redox‐active units onto certain surfaces. [ 10,11 ] Depending on the nature of the tetrapyrrole unit and the surface in question, thus obtained hybrid structures find their applications in various fields of materials science, including—in addition to molecular memory technologies [ 12–16 ] —photovoltaics, [ 17 ] molecular magnetic devices, [ 18 ] biosensors, [ 19 ] nonlinear optics, [ 20 ] etc. Among the various approaches to modification of electrically conductive substrates by Pcs, the formation of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold is particularly attractive both in terms of the synthetic availability of thiolated derivatives and their strong covalent attachment to the noble metal surface.…”

“…[7][8][9] Broad possibilities of their structural modifications afford tailoring their functional characteristics, and introduction of anchor groups allows grafting of resulting redox-active units onto certain surfaces. [10,11] Depending on the nature of the tetrapyrrole unit and the surface in question, thus obtained hybrid structures find their applications in various fields of materials science, including-in addition to molecular memory technologies [12][13][14][15][16] -photovoltaics, [17] molecular magnetic devices, [18] biosensors, [19] nonlinear optics, [20] etc. Among Achievement of information storage at molecular level remains a pressing task in miniaturization of computing technology.…”