Review of Active Front-End Rectifiers in EV DC Charging Applications

Zhaksylyk, Assel; Rasool, Haaris; Chakraborty, Sajib; Geury, Thomas; Baghdadi, Mohamed El; Hegazy, Omar

doi:10.3390/batteries9030150

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…To create a fast model several assumptions and simplifications have to be made in regards to the control system. First, a Voltage-oriented control (VOC) with an outer DC link voltage control loop and inner dq-axis current control loops with simple PI controllers is used as shown in Figure 4 and described in [8]. Also, a carrier-based PWM with a symmetrical triangle waveform is used, where the carrier is a triangular wave at f sw (orange), and the modulation waves are three sinusoidal waveforms at f g received from the control system (blue), as shown in Figure 5.…”

Section: System Model and Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first step is to select the wire for inductor windings. In this study, Litz wires are considered [8]. The strand width of the wire is selected to be less than the skin depth δ at the switching frequency f sw .…”

Section: B Inductor Design Selection and Evaluation 1) Inductor Compo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They can be used to charge one vehicle at full capacity or to charge several in parallel with reduced capacity. Some of the important metrics to evaluate an AFE system are cost, current Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), efficiency, thermal behavior, reliability, and size [8]. Earlier studies demonstrated that splitting the power of the AFE system among several parallel modules can increase the system efficiency and expected lifetime [5], while also decreasing its grid impact [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accelerated Lifetime Model-Based Design Optimization Strategy With Efficiency, Reliability, and Cost Trade-Off for High-Power Modular AFE Rectifiers

Zhaksylyk,

Polat,

Jaman

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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This paper presents a design optimization for grid-connected modular Active Front-End (AFE) rectifiers with an evaluation of efficiency, lifetime, cost, volume, and weight. This tool optimizes the rectifier switching frequency, component sizing and selection, and the number of parallel converters by designing and evaluating every possible configuration of the AFE rectifier system defined by the end user. The design of the LCL filter, magnetic design of inductors, selection of the inductor core and winding, and selection of SiC switches and MLC capacitors are discussed. Rapid Low-Fidelity (Lo-Fi) electro-thermal and lifetime models that are fast enough to be used in an optimization process have been developed. The rapid Lo-Fi models estimate component losses, temperatures, and lifetime for given load profiles and converter configurations. This Lo-Fi approach accelerates the processing time to generate the thermal data for the converter mission profile and allows us to skip rainflow-counting algorithm to assess the accumulated thermal damage to the SiC switches at the design and development stage. This in turn allows engineers to design converters with a longer predicted lifetime. Moreover, optimization of the grid-side three-phase LCL filter is performed considering efficiency, cost, and volume trade-off between the grid-side and converter-side inductors to achieve up to 50% decrease in losses, and 23% decrease in cost. Moreover, a 21-22% decrease in the system losses, 23-27% decrease in system cost, and tenfold improvement of the system lifetime can be achieved by optimizing the converter switching frequency and number of parallel modules. A 15 kW hardware prototype consisting of three 5 kW AFE rectifier modules is built and used to validate the efficiency from the fast Lo-Fi models. The validation of the detailed loss model and junction temperature swing is performed against a High-Fidelity (Hi-Fi) simulation in MATLAB Simulink environment.INDEX TERMS Active front-end rectifier, modular, optimization, parallel converters, rapid electro-thermal model, lifetime model, LCL design.

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Section: System Model and Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Inductor Design Selection and Evaluation 1) Inductor Compo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accelerated Lifetime Model-Based Design Optimization Strategy With Efficiency, Reliability, and Cost Trade-Off for High-Power Modular AFE Rectifiers

Zhaksylyk,

Polat,

Jaman

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…AFE rectifiers have been employed in high-power electric vehicle (EV) charging stations, and those vehicles are promising future transportation systems. AFE rectifiers reduce the distortions produced via the operation of the EV charging infrastructures by minimizing harmonic disturbances and operating close to the unity power factor (PF) [8,9]. In [10], an AFE rectifier with a PF correction (PFC) capability is proposed for power quality improvement in telecom applications using a sensorless voltage control strategy to tackle harmonic issues and boost overall performance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Dynamic Performance of Average-Value Modelled Active Front-End Rectifiers

Ebadpour

2024

Electronics

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Active front-end (AFE) rectifiers have become widely employed in power systems to achieve unity power factor and harmonic mitigations. The typical modeling approaches applied for AFE rectifiers in the literature mostly relied on two baselines: the detailed model and the time-average model. The former approach deals with the switching element model (SEM), which leads to significant harmonics in currents with distorted waveforms. The latter approach uses the average-value model (AVM) to overcome the currents’ harmonics as well as provide fast responses. However, even the AVM baseline has shown problems during the starting stage (lack of control signals) and over the dead-time periods, which causes serious issues in the implementation process. This paper presents an improved dynamic AVM for AFE rectifiers by precisely considering the issues mentioned above, along with the practical starting procedure and desirable initialization. The studied AFE rectifier is developed using the voltage-oriented control (VOC) technique based on the different modeling methodologies, including SEM, Conventional AVM, and the proposed AVM. The performance of all models is analyzed and compared using simulation results with MATLAB/Simulink R2023a Function blocks for all the algorithm parts and SimScape elements for the electrical circuit model. The simulation results illustrate that the performance of the proposed AVM approach can closely resemble the behavior of the SEM baseline with low harmonic distortion. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model, several case studies are investigated to verify the AFE rectifier operation, regarding mostly the total harmonic distortion (THD) wherein the THD percentages are improved to 4.78 and 2.5 from 5.14 and 2.78 for low- and high-power loads, respectively.

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“…For instance, in microgrids, bi-directional power flow enables the integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power equipped with energy storage capabilities, into the grid. Additionally, AFE rectifiers can be employed in electric vehicle charging and discharging systems, where the ability to support bidirectional power flow is crucial [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Real-time Simulation Framework for Validating Controllers of Virtual Synchronous Generators

M. M. R. Chowdhury,

L. Stranyóczky,

Z. Süt˝o

2024

RE&PQJ

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The utilization of active rectifiers as converters in the interface between AC and DC microgrids has become a prevalent practice owing to their capacity to facilitate bidirectional power flow. The contemporary methodology for the development of power converters includes the integration of real-time simulation steps for the validation of control schemes and the assurance of safe implementation with hardware. The present study proposes a methodology for developing a real-time Hardware-in-theLoop (HIL) simulation framework, which aims to facilitate the rapid prototyping of advanced control algorithms for an ActiveFront-End (AFE) rectifier, especially a Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) control strategy. This approach aims to enhance the dynamic performance and stability of low-inertia power systems by mimicking the behavior of a synchronous generator, thereby providing virtual inertia to the power system. The control schemes and the primary circuit models are designed and implemented utilizing Matlab/Simulink and are optimized for code generation.

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Review of Active Front-End Rectifiers in EV DC Charging Applications

Cited by 12 publications

References 81 publications

Accelerated Lifetime Model-Based Design Optimization Strategy With Efficiency, Reliability, and Cost Trade-Off for High-Power Modular AFE Rectifiers

Accelerated Lifetime Model-Based Design Optimization Strategy With Efficiency, Reliability, and Cost Trade-Off for High-Power Modular AFE Rectifiers

Improved Dynamic Performance of Average-Value Modelled Active Front-End Rectifiers

Real-time Simulation Framework for Validating Controllers of Virtual Synchronous Generators

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