Review of Cabin Thermal Management for Electrified Passenger Vehicles

Lajunen, Antti; Yang, Yinye; Emadi, Ali

doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.2988468

Cited by 70 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 130 publications

(168 reference statements)

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“…However, electrical vehicles (EVs) that are powered by electrical machines have no such thermal energy [2][3] . Hence, the majority of EVs that are available on the market use a supplementary heating system, which is usually in the form of a positive temperature coefficient (PTC) heater, to facilitate preconditioning or climatic control [4][5][6] . This supplementary heating system consumes electrical energy from the battery by the Joule effect.…”

Section: Introduction1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of waste heat recovery of electrical powertrain with electro-thermally coupled models for electric vehicle applications

Chen

Wang

Griffo

et al. 2021

Chin. J. Electr. Eng.

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The mile range of an electric vehicle (EV) may be reduced significantly in cold weather owing to the energy demand for meeting thermal comfort in the vehicle cabin, as waste heat from a combustion engine is not available for this purpose. Various heat pump-based heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems can be employed to absorb the heat energy from the surroundings and/or the waste heat from the electrical powertrain to facilitate cabin thermal comfort, thereby extending the EV mile range. However, there is a lack of research on the electro-thermally coupled modelling and evaluation of the thermal performance of HVAC systems. This paper proposes electro-thermally coupled models for the electrical machine and inverter by modelling the key electromagnetic quantities as functions of the torque and speed based on offline parameter extraction from two-dimensional electromagnetic finite element analysis. The proposed electro-thermally coupled models, which are computationally efficient, are integrated into HVAC thermofluid simulation. Comparative studies of three heat pump-based HVAC architectures (conventional ambient heat only, waste heat only, and dual heat source) are performed using the proposed electro-thermally coupled models. The dual heat source HVAC architecture exhibits superior thermal performance over its counterparts in cold weather conditions.

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Section: Introduction1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of waste heat recovery of electrical powertrain with electro-thermally coupled models for electric vehicle applications

Chen

Wang

Griffo

et al. 2021

Chin. J. Electr. Eng.

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“…Besides the justifications directed at the importance of thermal analyses in bus cabin environments and the need for indoor air change, this investigation pays tribute to the 50 years of the publication of Fanger's PMV-PPD model of thermal comfort [12]. This model is currently the most employed and widespread worldwide [22,23] in terms of predicting the mean vote response of thermal sensation of a large group of people (PMV) exposed to the same thermal environment [24][25][26], as well as the percentage of people dissatisfied (PPD) with said environment [27]. According to Yao, Li, and Liu [28], the PMV-PPD predictive model was incorporated into ISO standards in the 1980s and is still seen as the basis for the ISO 7730 and ASHRAE 55 standards [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Thermal Comfort Applied in Bus Cabin Environments

2020

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As of 2020, it has been 50 years since the publication of Fanger’s predictive model of thermal comfort that was designed for indoor environments and attention worldwide is directed at the COVID-19 pandemic and discussions around recommendations for these indoor environments. In this context, many environments and their occupants will suffer consequences related to thermal comfort due to the necessary indoor air changes. In bus cabins, the impact might be even greater, seeing that they are responsible for the mass transportation of people. Thus, this paper intends to review the studies on thermal comfort that analyzed bus cabin environments. It adapts the PRISMA methodology and, as a result, it includes 22 research papers published in journals. Among those, 73% focused on approaching the occupants’ thermal sensation, followed by fuel/energy economy (18%), and driver productivity (9%). The current state-of-the-art indicates that air temperature and air velocity were the parameters most employed by the included studies, but eight papers analyzed all six parameters of the standard models of thermal comfort. The most employed model of thermal comfort was Fanger’s, but there has not been an investigation that assesses its consistency in predicting the occupants’ thermal sensation in the explored environment. Nevertheless, the analyzed studies recommended constant air change inside closed buses or keeping them open to minimize adverse effects on the occupants’ health, especially due to airborne diseases and CO2 concentration possibly being a suitable indicator to identify the need for air change.

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“…Conventional vehicles use internal combustion engines, which produce enough waste heat to heat up the vehicle, through the engine cooling circuit via a heat exchanger. Nevertheless, modern thermal engines are more efficient and produce less waste heat; therefore, supplementary electric heaters are necessary to heat the cabin in cold conditions [8].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Electric vehicles use electric motors which generate low amount of waste heat [8]. Even the heat released from the main battery pack is not enough to heat the interior of an electric bus, being needed for other heat sources.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to decrease the energy consumption for the HVAC systems on electric buses, several solutions have been proposed, as follows [8][9][10][11]: using recovery heat from the traction batteries; an integrated air conditioning and heating system; improved control systems for the heating system; door air curtains/air screened doors to reduce the heat exchange between the inside and outside of the bus [12]; heat pumps; thermal pre-conditioning; complex additional heating equipment. Infrared radiation heating in the vehicle cabin has also been studied for electric vehicles [13,14].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electric Bus Indoor Heat Balance in Cold Weather

et al. 2021

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The use of electric buses is increasing all over the world; this is due to the aim of limiting pollution in heavily urbanized areas. Using electric buses is one element of the desire to drop local pollution to zero emissions. The necessary electricity can be generated through centralized production, and in the case of electric buses, the pollution level is directly proportional to the amount of electricity produced. Their limited onboard power needs optimization, both in terms of traction and in auxiliary energy consumption. Heating in electric buses consumes the most energy from the auxiliaries, which can reduce the range of the vehicle up to a half, or more in the coldest days of the winter months. In this context, a precise estimation of heat loss and of the energy necessary for heating electric buses is crucial. Using the heat transfer theory, the heat balance method, and the U-value estimation, this article estimates the heat loss for a typical 12 m electric bus for a harsh winter day. Thermal simulations were made in order to estimate the heat flux through the structure of the bus (windows, walls, roof, and floor). Heat loss components were calculated in order to determine the most affected zones of the bus. The calculated data for the energy necessary to heat the bus were compared with the heating system data from an electric bus. By optimizing the necessary auxiliary energy consumption, the emissions at the source of electricity production will be significantly reduced.

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Review of Cabin Thermal Management for Electrified Passenger Vehicles

Cited by 70 publications

References 130 publications

Evaluation of waste heat recovery of electrical powertrain with electro-thermally coupled models for electric vehicle applications

Evaluation of waste heat recovery of electrical powertrain with electro-thermally coupled models for electric vehicle applications

A Review of Thermal Comfort Applied in Bus Cabin Environments

Electric Bus Indoor Heat Balance in Cold Weather

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