Review of clays and clay minerals in Jordan

Khoury, Hani

doi:10.1007/s12517-019-4882-2

Cited by 23 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…12, we assume that ion-exchange rates are fast and that local equilibrium in attained. However, typical clay minerals in reservoir rock occur in book stacks, and the assumption of local equilibrium may be questioned (Mansa et al 2017;Khoury 2019;Zhang et al 2001;Wilson et al 2014;Khalifa and Morad 2015). It is traditional to express exchange capacity in equivalents per liter of pore volume, or CEC = 10 −3 n CEC a V 2 2 ∕ (Pope et al 1978;Hill and Lake 1978).…”

Section: Reactive Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Compositions in Salinity Waterflooding of Carbonate Reservoirs: Theory

2021

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Higher oil recovery after waterflood in carbonate reservoirs is attributed to increasing water wettability of the rock that in turn relies on complicated surface chemistry. In addition, calcite mineral reacts with aqueous solutions and can alter substantially the composition of injected water by mineral dissolution. Carefully designed chemical and/or brine flood compositions in the laboratory may not remain intact while the injected solutions pass through the reactive reservoir rock. This is especially true for a low-salinity waterflood process, where some finely tuned brine compositions can improve flood performances, whereas others cannot. We present a 1D reactive transport numerical model that captures the changes in injected compositions during water flow through porous carbonate rock. We include highly coupled bulk aqueous and surface carbonate-reaction chemistry, detailed reaction and mass transfer kinetics, 2:1 calcium ion exchange, and axial dispersion. At typical calcite reaction rates, local equilibrium is established immediately upon injection. In SI, we validate the reactive transport model against analytic solutions for rock dissolution, ion exchange, and longitudinal dispersion, each considered separately. Accordingly, using an open-source algorithm (Charlton and Parkhurst in Comput Geosci 37(10):1653–1663, 2011. 10.1016/j.cageo.2011.02.005), we outline a design tool to specify chemical/brine flooding formulations that correct for composition alteration by the carbonate rock. Subsequent works compare proposed theory against experiments on core plugs of Indiana limestone and give examples of how injected salinity compositions deviate from those designed in the laboratory for water-wettability improvement.

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Section: Reactive Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Compositions in Salinity Waterflooding of Carbonate Reservoirs: Theory

2021

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“…e.g. Khoury, 2002). It is also referred to as 'lime carbonates' (Frydman et al, 2008) because of the high content of carbonate minerals (Khlaifat et al, 2010).…”

Section: Qualitative Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sinkholes, subsidence and subrosion on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea as revealed by a close-range photogrammetric survey

et al. 2017

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Ground subsidence and sinkhole collapse are phenomena affecting regions of karst geology worldwide. The rapid development of such phenomena around the Dead Sea in the last four decades poses a major geological hazard to the local population, agriculture and industry. Nonetheless many aspects of this hazard are still incompletely described and understood, especially on the eastern Dead Sea shore. In this work, we present a first low altitude (< 150 m above ground) aerial photogrammetric survey with a Helikite Balloon at the sinkhole area of Ghor Al-Haditha, Jordan. We provide a detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis of a new, high resolution digital surface model (5 cm px −1) and orthophoto of this area (2.1 km 2). We also outline the factors affecting the quality and accuracy of this approach. Our analysis reveals a kilometer-scale sinuous depression bound partly by flexure and partly by nontectonic faults. The estimated minimum volume loss of this subsided zone is 1.83 • 10 6 m 3 with an average subsidence rate of 0.21 m yr −1 over the last 25 years. Sinkholes in the surveyed area are localized mainly within this depression. The sinkholes are commonly elliptically shaped (mean eccentricity 1.31) and clustered (nearest neighbor ratio 0.69). Their morphologies and orientations depend on the type of sediment they form in: in mud, sinkholes have a low depth to diameter ratio (0.14) and a long-axis azimuth of NNE-NE. In alluvium, sinkholes have a higher ratio (0.4) and are orientated NNW-N. From field work, we identify actively evolving artesian springs and channelized, sediment-laden groundwater flows that appear locally in the main depression. Consequently, subrosion, i.e. subsurface mechanical erosion, is identified as a key physical process, in addition to dissolution, behind the subsidence and sinkhole hazard. Furthermore, satellite image analysis links the development of the sinuous depression and sinkhole formation at Ghor Al-Haditha to preferential groundwater flow paths along ancient and current wadi riverbeds.

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“…Here we consider geotechnical parameters for the three main material types involved in sinkhole formation at the Dead Sea region: (1) lacustrine interleaved clayey carbonates, (2) alluvial sand-gravel sediments and evaporites and (3) pure rock salt (halite) ( Table 2). [Manger, 1963;Khoury, 2002;Hoek, 2007;Frydman et al, 2008Frydman et al, , 2014Zhu, 2010;Ezersky and Livne, 2013;Ezersky et al, 2017;Polom et al, 2018]. *(T~UCS/10) after Hoek, [1968] For lacustrine mud, friction angle, cohesion, porosity and density parameters from laboratory tests are used [Frydman et al, 2008.…”

Section: Benchmarking Of the Dem Approach Against Analytical Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geomechanical modelling of sinkhole development using Distinct Elements: Model verification for a single void space and application to the Dead Sea area

Al-Halbouni¹,

Holohan²,

Taheri³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Abstract. Mechanical and/or chemical removal of material from the subsurface may generate large sub-surface cavities, the destabilisation of which can lead to hazardous ground collapse and the formation of enclosed depressions termed sinkholes. Numerical simulation of the interaction of cavity growth, host material deformation and overburden collapse is desirable to better understand the sinkhole hazard, but is a challenging task due to the involved high strains and material discontinuities. Here we present a 2D Distinct Element Method numerical simulations of cavity growth and sinkhole development. Firstly, we simulate cavity formation by quasi-static, step-wise removal of material in a single growing zone of an arbitrary geometry and depth. We benchmark this approach against analytical and Boundary Element Method models of a deep void space in a linear elastic material. Secondly, we explore the effects of material properties on cavity stability and sinkhole development. We perform simulated biaxial tests to calibrate macroscopic geomechanical parameters of three model materials that reflect literature and field-based estimates for three materials in which sinkholes develop at the Dead Sea shoreline: mud, alluvium and salt. We show that weak materials do not support large cavities, leading to gradual sagging or suffusion style subsidence. Strong materials support quasi-stable to stable cavities, the overburdens of which may fail suddenly in a caprock or bedrock collapse style. Thirdly we examine the consequences of layered arrangements of weak and strong materials. We find that these are more susceptible to sinkhole collapse than uniform materials not only due to a lower integrated strength of the overburden, but also due to an inhibition of stabilising stress arching. Fourthly we compare our model sinkhole geometries to observations at the Ghor al-Haditha sinkhole site on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea in Jordan. Sinkhole depth to diameter ratios of 0.15 in mud, 0.37 in alluvium and 0.33 in salt are reproduced successfully in the calibrated model materials. The model results suggest that the observed distribution of sinkhole depth/diameter values in each material type may partly reflect sinkhole growth trends.

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Review of clays and clay minerals in Jordan

Cited by 23 publications

References 36 publications

Chemical Compositions in Salinity Waterflooding of Carbonate Reservoirs: Theory

Chemical Compositions in Salinity Waterflooding of Carbonate Reservoirs: Theory

Sinkholes, subsidence and subrosion on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea as revealed by a close-range photogrammetric survey

Geomechanical modelling of sinkhole development using Distinct Elements: Model verification for a single void space and application to the Dead Sea area

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