Review of Drag Coefficients over Oceans and Continents

Garratt, J. R.

doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1977)105<0915:rodcoo>2.0.co;2

Cited by 915 publications

(466 citation statements)

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“…C D was originally considered as a constant (e.g., Kraus, 1972). However, as the quantity and quality of measurements have improved, it became evident that C D tends to increase with increasing wind speed (e.g., Garratt, 1977). Using Eqs.…”

Section: Drag Coefficient and Roughness Lengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of wave boundary layer on sea-to-air dimethylsulfide transfer velocity during typhoon passage

Chu

Cheng

2007

Journal of Marine Systems

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Section: Drag Coefficient and Roughness Lengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of wave boundary layer on sea-to-air dimethylsulfide transfer velocity during typhoon passage

Chu

Cheng

2007

Journal of Marine Systems

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“…In open-sea conditions (e.g., Smith, 1980;Large and Pond, 1981) the drag coefficient is 10-15% lower than in coastal or shallower situations (e.g., Garratt, 1977;Wu, 1980;Geernaert et al, 1986Geernaert et al, , 1987, and this difference is believed to be due to a difference in typical sea states. A direct relation between wind stress and sea state is of considerable interest from a remote sensing viewpoint: the sea state in turn determines the radar reflectivity and microwave brightness temperature of the surface, which can be monitored globally by satellites.…”

Section: Influence Of Sea State On Wind Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For mature waves the dimensionless roughness length (17) is a constant, a (Charnock, 1955). For the open ocean Smith (1980Smith ( , 1988 found a = 0.011 and for compilations of results from coastal sites with presumably less mature waves, a= 0.017 (Garratt, 1977) or 0.018 (Wu, 1980). Maat et al (1991) discussed various relationships between roughness length and wave age that have been proposed.…”

Section: Drag Coefficient As a Function Of Wave Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Sea surface wind stress and drag coefficients: The hexos results

Smith

Anderson

Oost

et al. 1992

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

395

262

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Abstract. Turbulent fluxes have been measured in the atmospheric surface layer from a boom extending upwind from the Dutch offshore research platform Meetpost Noordwijk (MPN) during HEXMAX (Humidity Exchange over the Sea Main Experiment) in October-November, 1986. We started out to study eddy flux of water vapour, but discrepancies among simultaneous measurements made with three different anemometers led us to develop methods to correct eddy correlation measurements of wind stress for flow distortion by nearby objects. We then found excellent agreement among the corrected wind stress data sets from the three anemometers on the MPN boom and with eddy correlation measurements from a mast on a tripod. Inertial-dissipation techniques gave reliable estimates of wind stress from turbulence spectra, both at MPN and at a nearby ship. The data cover a range of wave ages and the results yield new insights into the variation of sea surface wind stress with sea state; two alternative formulas are given for the nondimensional surface roughness as a function of wave age.

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“…The velocity affects indirectly the bulk transfer coefficients through the stratified stability over the Gobi, similar to those in the plain and plateau regions. But over the ocean, the surface roughness length are mainly controlled by wind speed, so the variation of the bulk transfer coefficients is directly affected by wind speed (Garratt, 1977). The latent heat transfer is small and the sensible heat transfer is dominant in arid regions, and hence, the sensible heat transfer coefficient is more important.…”

Section: The Building Effect On the Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The characteristics of the sensible heat and momentum transfer coefficients over the Gobi in Northwest China

Zhang

Barlage

Tian

et al. 2011

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Utilizing the data of the intensive observation period (May-June 2000) of the Dunhuang land-surface process field experiment supported by the 'Atmosphere-land Interactive Field Experiment over Arid Regions of Northwest China(NWC-ALIEX)', the bulk momentum transfer coefficient (C d ) and the bulk sensible heat transfer coefficient (C h ) between the surface and the atmosphere over the arid Gobi Desert region are determined using three different methods. The results indicate that these coefficients, especially the means, are the same order of magnitude. The influence of the building near the observational station on the results is significant. When the building effect exists, the diurnal variation of the atmospheric bulk transfer coefficients and the bulk Richardson number are irregular. After the building effect is eliminated through analysing the wind direction, the bulk Richardson number and the range of the typical values of the bulk transfer coefficients over the Gobi are obtained. The diurnal variations of the bulk transfer coefficients are smoother than that without the building affect. The bulk transfer coefficients are larger in the daytime than in the nighttime. It is also worth noting that the variations of the bulk transfer coefficients and the bulk Richardson number are just opposite in phase, and that the bulk transfer coefficient for sensible heat flux is more related to the bulk Richardson number than that for momentum flux. The results are more reasonable than that after removing the building effect. The relation between the bulk transfer coefficients is also discussed.

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Review of Drag Coefficients over Oceans and Continents

Cited by 915 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of wave boundary layer on sea-to-air dimethylsulfide transfer velocity during typhoon passage

Effect of wave boundary layer on sea-to-air dimethylsulfide transfer velocity during typhoon passage

Sea surface wind stress and drag coefficients: The hexos results

The characteristics of the sensible heat and momentum transfer coefficients over the Gobi in Northwest China

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