Review of energy storage systems for vehicles based on technology, environmental impacts, and costs

Lithium-Ion Battery Operation, Degradation, and Aging Mechanism in Electric Vehicles: An Overview

“…The external energy is supplied only by plugging the BEV into the electricity grid for charging, and there is no on-board electricity generation. Depending on the EV manufacture, batteries powering BEV usually have a capacity between 20 kWh and 80 kWh, which ensure a range of up to 663 km [19,20]. Because the energy is supplied only by batteries, the BEV requires a larger battery pack size and capacity than other EVs.…”

“…The electric motor is used to power the vehicle for a short distance or to support the main engine (e.g., at a stoplight) [21]. Thus, HEVs require the lowest battery capacity, which is between 1.3 kWh and 1.6 kWh [19]. No charging plug for connection to the electricity grid exists in HEVs, which is usually considered to be a fuel-efficiency measure.…”

“…There are many types of EVs in the market and each of them has individual specifics. The most popular EVs in the market, classified according to their type, are summarized in Table 2 [19,23,24]. Furthermore, the global market share of HEV, PHEV, and BEV in 2020 is shown in Figure 2 [25].…”

Study of catalytic hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of 2,3-dimethylindole for hydrogen storage application

“…6 Apparently, the further transportation of hydrogen must be necessary depending on the method of hydrogen storage. 7,8 Thus, the major challenge towards the large scale utilization of hydrogen is to develop a safe and practical method for the onboard storage. [9][10][11] In the past decades, hydrogen was dominantly stored and transported in its elemental form as compressed hydrogen (200-700 bar) and liqueed hydrogen (À253 C) for onboard applications, both of which require a large amount of energy in the storage process.…”

Promises and Challenges of Sn‐Based Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries†

“…[ 4 ] However, the exploration of LIBs in grid‐scale energy storage system has been severely hindered by the scarcity of lithium resources and rising prices. [ 5‐6 ] Inspired by sharing similar working fundament to LIBs, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted extensive interests as a prospective alternative in large scale energy storage, because sodium has an abundant natural reserve and does not form an alloy with Al that can be served as a current collector for the anode. [ 7‐10 ] Nevertheless, the conventional graphite anodes for LIBs cannot be employed in SIBs, since there would not be enough interlayer spaces to accommodate large Na ions (Na + : 1.02 Å vs .…”