Review of fuel cells to grid interface: Configurations, technical challenges and trends

İnci, Mustafa; Turksoy, Omer

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.281

Cited by 129 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…A 2019 review [56] examined 190 research publications on fuel cells integrated into electric grids and discussed the fuel cell-grid interface, interfacing components, and power quality problems. Moreover, the review categorized power ratings into low power (less than 10 kW), medium power (between 10 and 100 kW), and high power (more than 100 kW), and described development trends and optimization strategies.…”

Section: Technology Review Of Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Transform Sustainable Energy Technology into a Unicorn Start-Up: Technology Review and Case Study

Lee

Lin²

2020

Sustainability

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Renewable and sustainable energy technologies must undergo commercialization before contributing to people's sustainable development. Among different approaches, commercialization to become unicorn start-ups has attracted considerable attention. Unicorn start-ups are companies achieving a valuation of over US$1 billion before launching initial public offerings. Herein, a company adopting solid oxide fuel cells as its single product and becoming a unicorn start-up is considered the case company (Company B). Established in 2001, Company B accumulated US$825.7 million of actual funding and a peak valuation of US$2.9 billion before being publicly listed. After being listed in July 2018, Company B achieved unicorn start-up status. Searching ScienceDirect Online and the IEEE/IET Electronic Library, this. study collects reviews of fuel cell technology development trends. From CB insights, the study collects the timing and amount of funding received by fuel cell-related unicorn start-ups worldwide. The Derwent Innovation (DI) tool is employed to analyze the status of fuel cell-related patent applications of these unicorn start-ups. This study integrates technology review, business status, and patent application data for analysis. Unlike previous technology reviews focusing on researches and developments, this study emphasizes the analysis of intellectual-property-based (IP-based) commercialization strategies. Specifically, it analyzes key factors explaining how a company producing solid oxide fuel cells could transform into a unicorn start-up. These factors are compiled into a ladder framework to provide a reference. Five quantitative indices are promoted. From the managerial point of view, this framework provides an executable guideline for effectively transforming sustainable energy technology into a high-valuation unicorn start-up.

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Section: Technology Review Of Fuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Transform Sustainable Energy Technology into a Unicorn Start-Up: Technology Review and Case Study

Lee

Lin²

2020

Sustainability

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“…As the different sources are interconnected through DC/DC converters, the EMS has to be realized via these converters. During the last two decades, intensive studies have been carried out to develop more compact, more efficient and more targeted DC/DC converter topologies and control methods [10,13,98,101,102].…”

Section: System Integration and Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Actually, the energy dispatching control is the key element which is linked to other control blocks [131]. Different energy dispatching issues and methods are summarized in a recent review paper [13,132].…”

Section: Multi-level Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the one hand, FC technology has not yet widely commercialized, although increasing attention has been paid to overcome the drawbacks in FCs, i.e., low durability and high cost, from different perspectives [10]. On the other hand, the system hybridization, the system control and the energy management problems have raised up as the requirements on reliability, resiliency, and safety of the microgrids become more and more critical [11][12][13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of the applications of fuel cells in microgrids: opportunities and challenges

Zheng

et al. 2019

BMC Energy

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Since the last two decades, microgrid, as one typical structure in smart grid framework, has been receiving increasing attention in the world. Meanwhile, fuel cell (FC), as one promising power source, has redrawn the attention of both academia and industry since the beginning of 21th century. Some encouraging achievements in FC technology have been realized thanks to the efforts taken in the last years. Due to this, it is seen that FC, as a clean and efficient energy source, is penetrating into different fields. Among the applications, integrating FCs into microgrids has shown interesting advantages on improving the performance of microgrids and promoting the use of the hydrogen energy. Some ongoing projects have shown that FCs of different power scales can be integrated into microgrids smartly and in different manners. Along with the advantages carried by the combination of the two technologies, many challenges lying on multiple domains are faced in the process. The challenges can be from the FC, the microgrid, and the integration of these two technologies. In this review paper, the advantages of integrating FCs into microgrids are summarized after recalling the knowledge background of FC. The challenges and ongoing researches on FCs and FCs based microgrids are then reviewed. Based on the analysis, the research directions are then extracted in view of the challenges.

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“…The process flow diagram (PFD) of the fuel-cell-based hybrid power source test bed is shown in Figure 2. The test bed was composed of the following specific components: The MCFC system, energy storage system (ESS), diesel generator, load bank, and intelligent energy management system [34][35][36][37].…”

Section: Specifications Of Components In the Fuel-cell-based Hybrid Pmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emission Reductions of Ships Powered by a Fuel-Cell-Based Hybrid Power Source

Roh

Kim

Jeon

et al. 2019

JMSE

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The need for technological development to reduce the impact of air pollution caused by ships has been strongly emphasized by many authorities, including the International Maritime Organization (IMO). This has encouraged research to develop an electric propulsion system using hydrogen fuel with the aim of reducing emissions from ships. This paper describes the test bed we constructed to compare our electric propulsion system with existing power sources. Our system uses hybrid power and a diesel engine generator with a combined capacity of 180 kW. To utilize scale-down methodology, the linear interpolation method is applied. The proposed hybrid power source consists of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), a battery, and a diesel generator, the capacities of which are 100 kW, 30 Kw, and 50 kW, respectively. The experiments we conducted on the test bed were based on the outcome of an analysis of the electrical power consumed in each operating mode considering different types of merchant ships employed in practice. The output, fuel consumption, and CO2 emission reduction rates of the hybrid and conventional power sources were compared based on the load scenarios created for each type of ship. The CO2 emissions of the hybrid system was compared with the case of the diesel generator alone operation for each load scenario, with an average of 70%~74%. This analysis confirmed the effectiveness of using a ship with a fuel-cell-based hybrid power source.

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Review of fuel cells to grid interface: Configurations, technical challenges and trends

Cited by 129 publications

References 147 publications

How to Transform Sustainable Energy Technology into a Unicorn Start-Up: Technology Review and Case Study

How to Transform Sustainable Energy Technology into a Unicorn Start-Up: Technology Review and Case Study

A review of the applications of fuel cells in microgrids: opportunities and challenges

Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emission Reductions of Ships Powered by a Fuel-Cell-Based Hybrid Power Source

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