Review of impacts of gas qualities with regard to quality determination and energy metering of natural gas

Abstract

Diversification of gas supply via the liberalization of the gas trade, the discovery of new fossil gas sources, and the increasing use of renewable gases, are favoring pronounced and more frequent fluctuations in gas quality. The knowledge of gas quality is crucial for custody transfer, and safe, efficient and low-emission operation of gas-driven processes. The onsite measurement of gas quality by the operators of gas production facilities, gas grids, gas storage and gas utilization facilities is an emerging requirement. This paper describes several different approaches for determining gas quality by direct, indirect and inferential methods based on the physicochemical properties of gas. Special emphasis is devoted to a discussion on the miniaturization of gas quality sensors and the incorporation of hydrogen detection and measurement into these sensors, due to potential hydrogen admixture to natural gas. In addition, an overview and analysis of the regulatory and normative requirements for gas quality measurements are presented. Furthermore, an overview of gas quality measurement devices and sensors, recent developments as well as challenges and benefits associated with gas quality measurement instrumentation, are provided.

Model Perhitungan Energi Gas alam berbasis Pada Kecepatan Suara, Bulk Modulus, dan Komposisi Gas Diluent

“…Sumber yang berbeda-beda tersebut akan menyebabkan sifat-sifat gas alam seperti komposisi, nilai kalor (heating value), Wobbe indeks, massa jenis, dan bilangan metana akan semakin bervariasi sehingga akan menyebabkan kualitas gas alam menjadi semakin bervariasi pula. Karakteristik utama kualitas gas alam dan paling sering digunakan adalah nilai kalornya [2,3]. Nilai kalor merupakan energi yang dilepaskan tiap satuan massa atau satuan volume bahan bakar ketika habis dibakar.…”

“…Beberapa penelitian tentang alternatif metode penentuan nilai kalor campuran gas alam menggunakan metode korelasi yang telah dilakukan antara lain penentuan nilai kalor berbasis jaringan syaraf tiruan menggunakan informasi kecepatan suara, konsentrasi CO2, dan N2 [2,9], pengukuran konduktivitas panas, kombinasi sensor absorbsi inframerah untuk mengukur komposisi hidrokarbon dan CO2 untuk menentukan nilai kalor gas alam [7] monitor wobbe index menggunakan menggunakan Fiber-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy [3], dan metode lain dengan menggunakan spektroskopi Near Infrared (NIR) untuk memperoleh informasi komposisi dan nilai kalor gas alam [10].…”

Design and Application of Mixed Natural Gas Monitoring System Using Artificial Neural Networks

“…The extracted natural gas is a mixture of methane, ethane, propane, and other gases [ 3 ]. To ensure the heating quality of natural gas and meet the environmental protection requirements, the composition analysis of natural gas is an essential procedure in the exploitation of natural gas [ 4 , 5 ]. Therefore, the study of natural gas monitoring systems is of great significance for natural gas utilization.…”

Analysis of Natural Gas Using a Portable Hollow-Core Photonic Crystal Coupled Raman Spectrometer

“…The composition of hydrocarbon gas dictates its technical usage and, ultimately, its price. 1,2 The monitoring of gas quality is crucial for the extraction, transportation, and separation of hydrocarbon gases. The express analysis enables the rapid response to the process mishaps, such as contamination of the product gas, gas leakage, and loss of separation efficiency.…”