Review of &lt;i&gt;Anopheles&lt;/i&gt; Mosquitoes and Malaria in Ancient and Modern Egypt

Kenawy, M. A.

doi:10.5376/jmr.2015.05.0004

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…As regards malaria situation in Egypt; all detected cases were imported (WHO, 2012a). The outbreak of P. falciparum and P. vivax in southern part at Aswan Governorate at May 2014 strongly supports the idea that malaria is reemerging in the country (Kenawy, 2015). There are many factors which may contribute to the reemergence of the disease in Egypt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Reevaluation of Malaria Parasites in El-Fayoum Governorate , Egypt Using Rapid Diagnostic Tests ( RDTs )

Dahesh¹,

Mostafa²

2015

JESP

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Malaria as a disease has been identified in Egypt since ancient times. Malaria was endemic in almost all parts of the country but prevalence showed a steady decrease by 1990, and regressed in most of the Governorates. Then by the end of 1998 till now Egypt become free from local transmission of malaria. All reported cases were imported mainly from Sudan. However, the outbreak of falciparum (1 case) and vivax (23 cases) that occurred (May 2014) in Aswan Governorate strongly indicated that malaria is reemerging in the country. El-Fayoum should be take special attention, rather than being the last residual focus. The efficient malaria vector A. sergenti, the proven vector A. pharoensis and the suspected vector A. multicolor were encountered. This work reevaluated malaria status by using RDTs in survey and Giemsa stained thick films to confirm positive cases and estimation of parasite rate, formula, densities and species, also to study the ecological and entomological efficacy factors. The result showed that out of 2044 examined persons, 14 (0.68 %) were passive cases i.e. attending themselves to El-Fayoum Malaria Units after their return from Sudan. Microscopic examination of their stained thick films obtained from MOH&P shows that 9 (64.2%) out of passive cases were positive 3 of them are P. falciparum (33.3%) and the rest P. vivax 6(66.7%) The species formulas of P. falciparum and P. vivax were 33.3% and 66.7% respectively. Concerning the density class, only one vivax case was of low density class while the other cases were of high density class. All positive cases were males, imported from Sudan and most of them were merchants having trade activities in Sudan. All examined persons during active case detection ACD (1551) and neighborhood of detected cases NOD (479) were malaria negative by rapid diagnostic tests. The areas recording the highest number of imported cases were Abu Shanap, Aboxa (Ballona) and Kafr Aboud (Abshaway Center) but no Anopheline spp larvae were detected. While in Al Nazla A. sergeni and A. multicolor larvae were detected where there was no any imported case or even traveler to Sudan. If the situation is reversed i.e. an imported case inhabit Al Nazla, reemergence of local malaria may start. The situation of Kafr Fazara is greatly changed by using fine sand instead of clay in manufacturing red brick after prevention excavation of land. No imported cases or Anopheline spp larvae were recorded.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Reevaluation of Malaria Parasites in El-Fayoum Governorate , Egypt Using Rapid Diagnostic Tests ( RDTs )

Dahesh¹,

Mostafa²

2015

JESP

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“…However, whatever the species responsible for malaria, the prevalence of the disease must account for the presence of an efficient Anopheles vector. As it was demonstrated by Pays [ 35 ] and Kenawy [ 36 ], there is no evidence indicating which species of mosquito were found in Ancient Egypt, although only two Anopheles species have been proved to be the vectors of malaria in Modern Egypt: An. pharoensis responsible for the transmission of P. vivax in Nile Delta and Valley and An .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunodetection of Non-Falciparum Malaria in Ancient Egyptian Bones (Giza Necropolis)

Al-Khafif

El-Banna

Khattab

et al. 2018

BioMed Research International

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The detection of falciparum malaria in ancient Egyptian remains had been performed by many authors using several methodologies including the use of rapid diagnostic tests. Through the immunochromatographic analysis of bony specimens from Giza skeletal collection dated to Old Kingdom, we provide first evidence of non-falciparum malaria in Ancient Egypt. The histidine-rich protein-2 (HRP2) specific to Plasmodium falciparum was absent in 100% of examined samples, while aldolase, common to the four types of plasmodial pathogens causing human malaria, was detected in 56% of individuals with no significant difference between the two tested social groups: high officials (HO) and workers (W). It is suggested that the main risk factor was the presence of residences near natural and artificial waterways, which allowed prolonged contact between the vector and human host.

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“…Many recent reports seemed to suggest that malaria is reemerging in Egypt, 16 due to current climate changes, 9 and the recently discovered malaria outbreak in a specific region of the country. 2 Recently, the Military Fever Hospital research group recorded that 12.5% out of 36 malaria-infected cases were from Fayoum governorate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Screening for Malaria among Blood Donors in a WHO Claimed Region of Egypt, Fayoum Governorate

Bakr

2017

Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis

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BackgroundTransfusion-transmitted malaria is undoubtedly a potential health hazard for blood recipients. Egypt is still on the prevention of reintroduction phase of malaria control program. Fayoum Governorate is considered one of the high-risk foci in Egypt due to its geology. However, no studies have been reported to evaluate the current status of subclinical Plasmodium infection based on sensitive molecular techniques. Moreover, screening of malaria is not listed within screening protocols of blood-borne pathogens in Fayoum blood banks.ObjectiveTo assess the current prevalence of subclinical Plasmodium infection among blood donors of Fayoum inhabitants for transfusion biosafety. To predict any possibility of the reemergence of malaria in the governorate and the effectiveness of malaria control measures.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted on 400 apparently healthy blood-donors in blood transfusion center of Fayoum University hospital from Jun 2012 to Jan 2013. Conventional PCR was used to detect the 18 S ssrRNA Plasmodium gene.ResultsAll Fayoum inhabitants’ blood donors’ samples were negative for Plasmodium infection.ConclusionsCurrent applied control, and preventive measures are valid in the context of blood transfusion biosafety in Fayoum blood banks and, therefore, the implementation of a routine malaria screening test in Fayoum blood banks is not merited at this time.

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Review of <i>Anopheles</i> Mosquitoes and Malaria in Ancient and Modern Egypt

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Reevaluation of Malaria Parasites in El-Fayoum Governorate , Egypt Using Rapid Diagnostic Tests ( RDTs )

Reevaluation of Malaria Parasites in El-Fayoum Governorate , Egypt Using Rapid Diagnostic Tests ( RDTs )

The Immunodetection of Non-Falciparum Malaria in Ancient Egyptian Bones (Giza Necropolis)

Molecular Screening for Malaria among Blood Donors in a WHO Claimed Region of Egypt, Fayoum Governorate

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