“…Systematic methods based on mathematical programming (MP) and pinch analysis (PA) have been applied over more than 40 years in order to achieve improved energy and water integration in CPI . For further details of these topics the reader is referred to comprehensive review papers relating to recent advances in chemical process optimisation (Biegler, 2014), mixed-integer nonlinear and general disjunctive programming solution methods (Trespalacios and Grossmann, 2014), heat exchanger network (HEN) synthesis (Gundersen andNaess, 1988, Furman andSahinidis, 2002) and retrofit (Sreepathi and Rangaiah, 2014), optimal design of sustainable chemical processes and supply chains (Nikolopoulou and Ierapetritou, 2012), water network (WN) design methods using MP (Jeżowski, 2008), PA (Foo, 2009), and a combination of PA and MP (Bagajewicz, 2000;Jeżowski, 2010). Over the last two decades considerable attention has been devoted to the synthesis problem of heat integration within WNs and is expected to be an active research direction in the near future.…”