Review of Policies and Practices for Hurricane Evacuation. I: Transportation Planning, Preparedness, and Response

A review on travel behaviour modelling in dynamic traffic simulation models for evacuations

“…Car and bus transport are incorporated, where bus services are modelled explicitly by route, schedule, and stop locations. Earlier models that have also been applied more recently and on reasonably large scale are DYNEV (e.g., Goldblatt 2004;Wolshon et al 2005a) and OREMS (e.g., Han and Yuan 2005;Li et al 2006;ORNL 2002).…”

“…The tool then predicts traffic conditions for a short time ahead based on historic evacuation data, and evaluates the effect of applying traffic control measures such as contraflow and lane closures. ETIS has been applied in practice in the south eastern states of the United States, including North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, and later also Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas (Wolshon et al 2005a).…”

“…The focus lies on how travellers' decisions regarding the choice to evacuate, departure time choice, destination choice and route choice are modelled. Hence, this review article is complementary to other state-of-the-art review articles on aspects such as how these traffic simulation models are used to evaluate and design optimal evacuation instructions and management strategies (e.g., Yusoff et al 2008;Abdelgawad and Abdulhai 2009), the issues that must be dealt with once implementing these evacuation plans in practice (e.g., Wolshon et al 2005a, b), the data requirements to manage and model emergency situations (e.g., Wilmot et al 2009;Henson et al 2009), and driving behaviour under adverse conditions (e.g., Hoogendoorn 2010). In the ensuing discussion we consider the car as the main mode of transport for evacuation.…”

Application of a Bivariate Probit Model to Investigate the Intended Evacuation from Hurricane

“…We also note that our sample is more educated, older, and has a higher income than typical for the Georgia Coastal Area (GCA To provide some point of view, compared to voluntary evacuation orders, mandatory evacuation orders are put in place in more severe conditions. Note that during a mandatory evacuation order although emergency management agencies put maximum resources and effort into encouraging evacuation, current laws do not allow agency officials to strictly require enforcement of the order (Wolshon et al 2005). …”

“…For instance, special transportation or traffic control measures are operated during mandatory evacuation orders, which are not the same as voluntary evacuation orders (Wolshon et al 2005). …”