Review of polyacrylonitrile blends and application in manufacturing technology: recycling and environmental impact

Adegbola, T. A.; Agboola, Oluranti; Fayomi, O.S.I.

doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2020.100144

Cited by 70 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…It has also been successfully used in the energy storage device and sensor applications because of its exceptional mechanical and thermal properties, as well as its low cost (Adegbola et al, 2020).…”

Section: • Encapsulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview on immobilization of enzymes on synthetic polymeric nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning

Rather

Khan

Wani

et al. 2021

Biotech & Bioengineering

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The arrangement and type of support has a significant impact on the efficiency of immobilized enzymes. 1-dimensional fibrous materials can be one of the most desirable supports for enzyme immobilization. This is due to their high surface area to volume ratio, internal porosity, ease of handling, and high mechanical stability, all of which allow a higher enzyme loading, release and finally lead to better catalytic efficiency. Fortunately, the enzymes can reside inside individual nanofibers to remain encapsulated and retain their three-dimensional structure. These properties can protect the enzyme's tolerance against harsh conditions such as pH variations and high temperature, and this can probably enhance the enzyme's stability. This review article will discuss the immobilization of enzymes on synthetic polymers, which are fabricated into nanofibers by electrospinning. This technique is rapidly gaining popularity as one of the most practical ways to fibricate polymer, metal oxide, and composite micro or nanofibers. As a result, there is interest in using nanofibers to immobilize enzymes. Furthermore, present research on electrospun nanofibers for enzyme immobilization is primarily limited to the lab scale and industrial scale is still challanging. The primary future research objectives of this paper is to investigate the use of electrospun nanofibers for enzyme immobilization, which includes increasing yield to transfer biological products into commercial applications.

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Section: • Encapsulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview on immobilization of enzymes on synthetic polymeric nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning

Rather

Khan

Wani

et al. 2021

Biotech & Bioengineering

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“…PAN is a synthetic polymer with the linear formula (C 3 H 3 N) n obtained in granulated or powder form from the polymerization of acrylonitrile monomer (Figure 1) [14] that can be polymerized using appropriate methods and conditions.…”

Section: Application Of Polyacrylonitrile-based Materials As Support ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Perspective Review on the Application of Polyacrylonitrile‐Based Supports for Laccase Immobilization

Vieira

Gurgel

Henriques

et al. 2021

The Chemical Record

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The use of laccases applied in bioremediation processes has been increasingly studied, given the urgent need to overcome the environmental problems caused by emerging contaminants. It is known that immobilized enzymes have better operational stability under reaction conditions, allowing for greater applicability. However, given the lack of commercially available immobilized laccases, the search for immobilization materials and methods continues to gain effort. The use of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to immobilize enzymes has been investigated since it is a low-cost material and can be modified and functionalized to well interact with the enzyme. This polymer can be used with different morphologies such as fibers, beads, and coreshell, presenting as an easily applicable alternative. This review presents the missing link between polymer and enzyme through an overview of PAN's current use as support for laccase immobilization and polymer functionalization methods, considering the importance of immobilized laccases in several industrial sectors.

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“…The presence of the methyl acrylate comonomer improves the plastic properties of PAN. These materials are generally considered nontoxic [13] while being lightweight and showing high strength, and resistance to corrosion and fatigue [14]. The polymers are used in various domains like medication, paints, electrical insulators, and artificial organs [15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acrylonitrile and Pullulan Based Nanofiber Mats as Easily Accessible Scaffolds for 3D Skin Cell Models Containing Primary Cells

Rimann

Jüngel

Mousavi

et al. 2022

Cells

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(1) Background: Three-dimensional (3D) collagen I-based skin models are commonly used in drug development and substance testing but have major drawbacks such as batch-to-batch variations and ethical concerns. Recently, synthetic nanofibrous scaffolds created by electrospinning have received increasing interest as potential alternatives due to their morphological similarities to native collagen fibrils in size and orientation. The overall objective of this proof-of-concept study was to demonstrate the suitability of two synthetic polymers in creating electrospun scaffolds for 3D skin cell models. (2) Methods: Electrospun nanofiber mats were produced with (i) poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate) (P(AN-MA)) and (ii) a blend of pullulan (Pul), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) (Pul/PVA/PAA) and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) spectra. Primary skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes were seeded onto the nanofiber mats and analyzed for phenotypic characteristics (phalloidin staining), viability (Presto Blue HS assay), proliferation (Ki-67 staining), distribution (H/E staining), responsiveness to biological stimuli (qPCR), and formation of skin-like structures (H/E staining). (3) Results: P(AN-MA) mats were more loosely packed than the Pul/PVA/PAA mats, concomitant with larger fiber diameter (340 nm ± 120 nm vs. 250 nm ± 120 nm, p < 0.0001). After sterilization and exposure to cell culture media for 28 days, P(AN-MA) mats showed significant adsorption of fetal calf serum (FCS) from the media into the fibers (DRIFT spectra) and increased fiber diameter (590 nm ± 290 nm, p < 0.0001). Skin fibroblasts were viable over time on both nanofiber mats, but suitable cell infiltration only occurred in the P(AN-MA) nanofiber mats. On P(AN-MA) mats, fibroblasts showed their characteristic spindle-like shape, produced a dermis-like structure, and responded well to TGFβ stimulation, with a significant increase in the mRNA expression of PAI1, COL1A1, and αSMA (all p < 0.05). Primary keratinocytes seeded on top of the dermis equivalent proliferated and formed a stratified epidermis-like structure. (4) Conclusion: P(AN-MA) and Pul/PVA/PAA are both biocompatible materials suitable for nanofiber mat production. P(AN-MA) mats hold greater potential as future 3D skin models due to enhanced cell compatibility (i.e., adsorption of FCS proteins), cell infiltration (i.e., increased pore size due to swelling behavior), and cell phenotype preservation. Thus, our proof-of-concept study shows an easy and robust process of producing electrospun scaffolds for 3D skin cell models made of P(AN-MA) nanofibers without the need for bioactive molecule attachments.

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Review of polyacrylonitrile blends and application in manufacturing technology: recycling and environmental impact

Cited by 70 publications

References 84 publications

Overview on immobilization of enzymes on synthetic polymeric nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning

Overview on immobilization of enzymes on synthetic polymeric nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning

A Perspective Review on the Application of Polyacrylonitrile‐Based Supports for Laccase Immobilization

Acrylonitrile and Pullulan Based Nanofiber Mats as Easily Accessible Scaffolds for 3D Skin Cell Models Containing Primary Cells

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