Review of sapphire whispering gallery-mode oscillators including technical progress and future potential of the technology

McNeilage, C.; Searls, J.H.; Ivanov, Eugene; Stockwell, Paul; Green, D.M.; Mossamaparast, M.

doi:10.1109/freq.2004.1418455

Cited by 21 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Reference [10] provides an up-to-date overview (historical and future) of sapphire whispering gallery mode frequency standards. Synthetic sapphire monocrystalline disks that are configured as uniaxial anisotropic dielectric resonators exhibit Q-factors as large as 850,000 at −196 • C. These quasi-TM modes (whispering gallery modes) in a cylindrical disk have large electromagnetic fields near the cylindrical boundary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since 1973, the whispering gallery mode resonator (WGMR) has been used as an ultra-stable resonator ( f / f < 10 −12 at −196 • C), as described in [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and in over 50 other references. Reference [10] provides an up-to-date overview (historical and future) of sapphire whispering gallery mode frequency standards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sapphire Whispering Gallery Thermometer

Strouse

2007

Int J Thermophys

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An innovative sapphire whispering gallery thermometer (SWGT) is being explored at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a potential replacement for a standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) for industrial applications that require measurement uncertainties of ≤10 mK. The NIST SWGT uses a synthetic sapphire monocrystalline disk configured as a uniaxial, dielectric resonator with whispering gallery modes between 14 GHz and 20 GHz and with Q-factors as large as 90,000. The prototype SWGT stability at the ice melting point (0 • C) is ≤1 mK with a frequency resolution equivalent to 0.05 mK. The prototype SWGT measurement uncertainty (k= 1) is 10mK from 0 • C to 100 • C for all five resonance modes studied. These results for the SWGT approach the capabilities of industrial resistance thermometers. The SWGT promises greatly increased resistance to mechanical shock relative to SPRTs, over the range from −196 • C to 500 • C while retaining the low uncertainties needed by secondary calibration laboratories. The temperature sensitivity of the SWGT depends upon a well-defined property (the refractive index at microwave frequencies) and the thermal expansion of a pure material. Therefore, it is expected that SWGTs can be calibrated over a wide temperature range using a reference function, along with deviations measured at a few fixed points. This article reports the prototype SWGT stability, resolution, repeatability, and the temperature dependence of five whispering gallery resonance frequencies in the range from 0 • C to 100

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sapphire Whispering Gallery Thermometer

Strouse

2007

Int J Thermophys

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“…Other zdependent parameters of equation (38) can be evaluated at = z z pm as a very good approximation. Again, contributions from different regions z pm may interfere constructively or destructively, and a wide-range cyclic phase matching comes at the price of reduced conversion efficiency.…”

Section: Crystal Symmetry Based and 'Cyclic' Qpmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also are utilized as energy storage elements in ultra-stable microwave oscillators producing spectrally pure signals [38][39][40][41][42]. As a benchmark, a 9GHz oscillator with phase noise of −160 dBc Hz −1 at 1kHz offset frequency was demonstrated using microwave WGMs [40].…”

Section: Historic Investigations Of Microwave Wgm Resonatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonlinear and Quantum Optics with Whispering Gallery Resonators

Strekalov

2015

Cleo: 2015

114

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Optical whispering gallery modes (WGMs) derive their name from a famous acoustic phenomenon of guiding a wave by a curved boundary observed nearly a century ago. This phenomenon has a rather general nature, equally applicable to sound and all other waves. It enables resonators of unique properties attractive both in science and engineering. Very high quality factors of optical WGM resonators persisting in a wide wavelength range spanning from radio frequencies to ultraviolet light, their small mode volume, and tunable in-and out-coupling make them exceptionally efficient for nonlinear optical applications. Nonlinear optics facilitates interaction of photons with each other and with other physical systems, and is of prime importance in quantum optics. In this paper we review numerous applications of WGM resonators in nonlinear and quantum optics. We outline the current areas of interest, summarize progress, highlight difficulties, and discuss possible future development trends in these areas.

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“…It is well known that HF/VHF Si BJTs and Si-based mixers have lower flicker noise than microwave GaAs transistors [54], [56]. Flicker noise levels of microwave GaAs amplifiers are typically 30 dB higher than that of the HF/VHF Si BJTs and 20 dB higher than that of the silicon-based mixers [57]- [59].…”

Section: B Eliminating Spurs and Improving Phase Noisementioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Drift Optoelectronic Oscillator Based on a Phase Modulator in a Sagnac Loop

Hosseini

Banai

Kärtner

2017

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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Abstract-We propose and theoretically and experimentally demonstrate a novel tunable spurious-free single-loop optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) with low drift and low-phase noise. In the proposed transposed-frequency OEO (TF-OEO), a nonreciprocal bias unit and an optical phase modulator in a fiber Sagnac interferometer function jointly as an intrinsically drift-free intensity modulator, which improves the long-term drift. Besides, a transposed-frequency low-noise filtered amplifier is used which replaces the conventional radio frequency (

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Review of sapphire whispering gallery-mode oscillators including technical progress and future potential of the technology

Cited by 21 publications

References 34 publications

Sapphire Whispering Gallery Thermometer

Sapphire Whispering Gallery Thermometer

Nonlinear and Quantum Optics with Whispering Gallery Resonators

Low-Drift Optoelectronic Oscillator Based on a Phase Modulator in a Sagnac Loop

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