Review of Solid-State Transformer Applications on Electric Vehicle DC Ultra-Fast Charging Station

Valedsaravi, Seyedamin; Aroudi, Abdelali El; Martínez-Salamero, L.

doi:10.3390/en15155602

Cited by 26 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 247 publications

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“…Based on a statistical analysis of real traffic data on a highway in the northeast of Spain, a hybrid microgrid was proposed for the electrical architecture of an ultrafast charging station (UFCS) whose steady-state operation was simulated in [14]. A block diagram of the microgrid is illustrated in Figure 1, where the MV grid supplies the station through a solid-state transformer (SST) [15] and the internal power distribution is carried out by means of an ac bus of 220 V and two dc buses of 600 V and 1500 V, respectively. The purpose of the 600 V dc bus is to insert renewable energy sources into the station, as depicted in Figure 1 by a wind turbine and a photovoltaic array.…”

Section: State Of the Art And Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical Control of Power Distribution in the Hybrid Energy Storage System of an Ultrafast Charging Station for Electric Vehicles

Blanch-Fortuna,

Zambrano-Prada,

López-Santos

et al. 2024

Energies

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This paper presents a two-level hierarchical control method for the power distribution between the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) and the main dc bus of a microgrid for ultrafast charging of electric vehicles (EVs). The HESS is composed of a supercapacitor and a battery and is an essential part to fulfill the charging demand of EVs in a microgrid made up of a 220 VRMS ac bus, two dc buses of 600 V and 1500 V, respectively, and four charging points. A state machine defines the four operating modes of the HESS and establishes the conditions for the corresponding transitions among them, namely, charging the battery and the supercapacitor from the bus, injecting the current from the HESS into the 1500 V dc bus to ensure the power balance in the microgrid, regulating the bus voltage, and establishing the disconnection mode. The primary level of the control system regulates the current and voltage of the battery, supercapacitor, and dc bus, while the secondary level establishes the operating mode of the HESS and provides the appropriate references to the primary level. In the primary level, sliding mode control (SMC) is used in both the battery and supercapacitor in the inner loop of a cascade control that implements the standard constant current–constant voltage (CC-CV) charging protocol. In the same level, linear control is applied in the CV phase of the protocol and for bus voltage regulation or the current injection into the bus. PSIM simulations of the operating modes and their corresponding transitions verify the theoretical predictions.

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Section: State Of the Art And Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hierarchical Control of Power Distribution in the Hybrid Energy Storage System of an Ultrafast Charging Station for Electric Vehicles

Blanch-Fortuna,

Zambrano-Prada,

López-Santos

et al. 2024

Energies

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“…Different types of tap changers can be added to the CPT to implement voltage control on the LV side but the primary and secondary side still need to be decoupled [4]. More advanced power transformers have been proposed for several years, increasing the degree of freedom and the possibilities for direct DC connections [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decision Process for Identifying Appropriate Devices for Power Transfer between Voltage Levels in Distribution Grids

Dyussembekova,

Schütt,

Leiße

et al. 2024

Energies

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During the energy transition, new types of electrical equipment, especially power electronic devices, are proposed to increase the flexibility of electricity distribution grids. One type is the solid-state transformer (SST), which offers excellent possibilities to improve the voltage quality in electricity distribution grids and integrate hybrid AC/DC grids. This paper compares SST to conventional copper-based power transformers (CPT) with and without an on-load tap changer (OLTC) and with additional downstream converters. For this purpose, a corresponding electricity distribution grid is set up in the power system analysis tool DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2022. A DC generator like a photovoltaic system, a DC load like an electric vehicle fast charging station, and an AC load are connected. Based on load flow simulations, the four power transformers are compared concerning voltage stability during a generator-based and a load-based scenario. The results of load flow simulations show that SSTs are most valuable when additional generators and loads are to be connected to the infrastructure, which would overload the existing grid equipment. The efficiency of using SSTs also depends on the parameters of the electrical grid, especially the lengths of the low-voltage (LV) lines. In addition, a flowchart-based decision process is proposed to support the decision-making process for the appropriate power transformer from an electrical perspective. Beyond these electrical properties, an evaluation matrix lists other relevant criteria like characteristics of the installation site, noise level, expected lifetime, and economic criteria that must be considered.

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“…Figure 1 shows the electrical architecture of a UFCS based on a microgrid proposed in [11]. The charging station is supplied by an MV network through a solid state transformer (SST) [12] and distributes internally the electric power by means of an ac bus of 220 V and two dc buses of 600 V and 1500 V, respectively. The 600 V dc bus is an accessory network connected to a photovoltaic panel and a wind generator allowing the insertion of renewable energy sources [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of an Ultrafast Charging Station Operating in Steady State

Blanch-Fortuna,

Zambrano-Prada,

Gállego-Casals

et al. 2023

Electronics

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This report presents the analysis, study, and simulation of an ultrafast charging station (UFCS) for electric vehicles (EVs) operating in steady state. The electrical architecture of the charging station uses an ac bus plus two dc buses and it is supported by a storage system based on batteries and super-capacitors. The power demand of the EVs is established taking into account the electric characteristics of their batteries and the availability of the station charging points. The analysis introduces a supervisory control based on a state machine description for different operating modes, which eventually facilitates fault detection in the electrical architecture. In addition, the study proposes different methods to handle the required energy for the charging demand and a procedure for the correct sizing of both the energy storage system and the input transformer. In laboratory experiments in a reduced-scale storage system, a SCADA supervision with CAN communication has proved successful in gathering data corresponding to modes of charge and discharge in batteries and super-capacitors, and subsequently displaying them on a computer screen.

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Review of Solid-State Transformer Applications on Electric Vehicle DC Ultra-Fast Charging Station

Cited by 26 publications

References 247 publications

Hierarchical Control of Power Distribution in the Hybrid Energy Storage System of an Ultrafast Charging Station for Electric Vehicles

Hierarchical Control of Power Distribution in the Hybrid Energy Storage System of an Ultrafast Charging Station for Electric Vehicles

Decision Process for Identifying Appropriate Devices for Power Transfer between Voltage Levels in Distribution Grids

Simulation of an Ultrafast Charging Station Operating in Steady State

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