Review of sub-synchronous interaction in wind integrated power systems: classification, challenges, and mitigation techniques

Abstract

Emerging sub-synchronous interactions (SSI) in wind-integrated power systems have added intense attention after numerous incidents in the US and China due to the involvement of series compensated transmission lines and power electronics devices. SSI phenomenon occurs when two power system elements exchange energy below the synchronous frequency. SSI phenomenon related to wind power plants is one of the most significant challenges to maintaining stability, while SSI phenomenon in practical wind farms, which has been observed recently, has not yet been described on the source of conventional SSI literature. This paper first explains the traditional development of SSI and its classification as given by the IEEE, and then it proposes a classification of SSI according to the current research status, reviews several mitigation techniques and challenges, and discusses analysis techniques for SSI. The paper also describes the effect of the active damping controllers, control scheme parameters, degree of series compensation, and various techniques used in wind power plants (WPPs). In particular, a supplementary damping controller with converter controllers in Doubly Fed Induction Generator based WPPs is briefly pronounced. This paper provides a realistic viewpoint and a potential outlook for the readers to properly deal with SSI and its mitigation techniques, which can help power engineers for the planning, economical operation, and future expansion of sustainable development.

Line-Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Supplied with Voltage Containing Negative-Sequence Subharmonics

“…Another reason for SaI occurrence is the work of renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic plants [18,22] and wind power stations [3,7,12,20]. In the case of wind turbines, the presence of voltage fluctuations and subharmonics originates from such sources as tower resonance, blades passing in the front of the tower, small differences in the blades, wind turbulences, and rotor electrical or mechanical asymmetry [7,12].…”

“…Especially high SaI contamination [3] may occur during the sub-synchronous interaction of a power plant [3,20]. Of note, the interaction is not characteristic only for wind turbines but may also appear in thermal power stations [20].…”

“…Especially high SaI contamination [3] may occur during the sub-synchronous interaction of a power plant [3,20]. Of note, the interaction is not characteristic only for wind turbines but may also appear in thermal power stations [20]. The interaction may be categorised as subharmonic resonance and device-dependent sub-synchronous oscillations [20].…”

“…Of note, the interaction is not characteristic only for wind turbines but may also appear in thermal power stations [20]. The interaction may be categorised as subharmonic resonance and device-dependent sub-synchronous oscillations [20]. It can be either a purely electrical phenomenon or an event involving the torsional resonance of the generator rotating mass [20].…”

“…The presence of SaIs in a power system usually originates from the work of various power electronic appliances, renewable sources of energy, and loads of a fluctuating nature, including double-frequency conversion systems (inverters and high-voltage DC links), wind power stations, photovoltaic plants, arc furnaces, laser printers, AC motors driving piston compressors and other time-varying loads [2,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. SaIs can also occur in an inverter output voltage because of voltage fluctuations in the DC link [6,13,23].…”