Review of the development of the Peregrine Falcon(Falco peregrinus)population in Hungary between 1997 and 2018

Abstract

Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) populations recovered globally after a dramatic decline experienced between the 1950s and 1980s. The conservation challenge forced the raptor biologist community to co-operate internationally. As a part of the co-operation, four conferences were organised to identify the problem, coordinate conservation efforts including research and to monitor the recovery process of the species’ populations worldwide. The line of conferences started in Madison (WI, USA) in 1965 and was followed by two conferences in Sacramento (CA, USA) and Piotrowo/Poznań (Poland) in 1985 and in 2007, respectively. The latest conference was organised in 2017, in Budapest, where Peregrine experts discussed the latest research and monitoring results. The event provides a good occasion to review the development of the Peregrine population in Hungary. The species became extinct in Hungary as a breeding species in the mid-1960s due to the intensive use of pesticides (DDT) and it returned only in 1997, when the first successful breeding was recorded. In 2018, 72 active eyries were recorded. The Hungarian population is the edge of the Carpathian Peregrine population and the birds represent mostly the nominate subspecies (F. p. peregrinus), but individuals showing typical phenotype of the Mediterranean subspecies (F. p. brookei) were also observed. The northern race of F. p. calidus also occurs on migration and in winter. The Hungarian population is sedentary. Natal dispersal of females is biased to males, but in case of both sexes most ring recoveries of adult birds occurred within the Pannonian basin. The increasing Peregrine population expanding to the lowland may cause conservation conflict on medium term by competing with the endangered Saker Falcon (Falco cherrug) for the nest sites. The conservation status of the Peregrine Falcon in Hungary is good in general, but threats may emerge on local scale in some regions. No specific conservation measures are taken, research and monitoring focus on population changes and threats posed on and caused by Peregrines.

Population trends of Peregrine Falcon in Northern Spain – Results of a long-term monitoring project

“…When we started to monitor the Peregrine population we found 34 territorial pairs, just the same number than 21 years later. The population grew steadily to 47 territorial pairs (2005), following the recovery of the population over the European's range (see White et al 2013) and later started a slight decline until 2017 (Figure 1), as occurred also in other European populations , Monneret et al 2018, Prommer & Bagyura 2018.…”

Spatio‐temporal variation in post‐recovery dynamics in a large Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) population in the Jura mountains 2000–2020†

“…2017, Beran et al . 2018, Prommer & Bagyura 2018, Swem & Matz 2018, Wilson et al . 2018, Newton 2021).…”

“…Between the 1950s and the 1970s, its populations crashed, sometimes to regional extinction, in virtually every place from where adequate data exist (Hickey 1969, Fyfe et al 1976, Cade et al 1988, Ratcliffe 1993). However, around the turn of the century levels of many populations were back to normal (Cade et al 1988, Cade & Burnham 2003, Sielicki & Mizera 2009, Bruggeman et al 2015, 2016, Ambrose et al 2016, Zuberogoitia et al 2018, Kéry & Zuberogoitia 2020) and sometimes became even greater than recorded at any time before the pesticide crash (Horne & Fielding 2002, White et al 2013, McGrady et al 2017, Beran et al 2018, Prommer & Bagyura 2018, Swem & Matz 2018, Wilson et al 2018, Newton 2021). As a result, the threat category of the Peregrine in many national Red Lists has repeatedly been changed to reflect a reduced or even eliminated threat of extinction (Mesta 1999).…”