Review of the Mechanism of Nanocarriers and Technological Developments in the Field of Nanoparticles for Applications in Cancer Theragnostics

Abstract

Cancer cannot be controlled by the usage of drugs alone, and thus, nanotechnology is an important technique that can provide the drug with an impetus to act more effectively. There is adequate availability of anticancer drugs that are classified as alkylating agents, hormones, or antimetabolites. Nanoparticle (NP) carriers increase the residence time of the drug, thereby enhancing the survival rate of the drug, which otherwise gets washed off owing to the small size of the drug particles by the excretory system. For example, for enhancing the circulation, a coating of nonfouling polymers like PEG and dextran is done. Famous drugs such as doxorubicin (DOX) are commonly encapsulated inside the nanocomposite. The various classes of nanoparticles are used to enhance drug delivery by aiding it to fight against the tumor. Targeted therapy aims to attack the cells with features common to the cancer cells while minimizing damage to the normal cell, and these therapies work in one in four ways. Some block the cancer cells from reproducing newer cells, others release toxic substances to kill the cancer cells, some stimulate the immune system to destroy the cancer cells, and some block the growth of more blood vessels around cancer cells, which starve the cells of the nutrients, which is needed for their growth. This review aims to testify the advancements nanotechnology has brought in cancer therapy, and its statements are supported with recent research findings and clinical trial results.

The Review of Carbon Capture-Storage Technologies and Developing Fuel Cells for Enhancing Utilization

“…For mitigating the levels of CO 2 available in the air alongside making the most out of this gas known for its harmful greenhouse emissions, the method of electrochemical conversion is deemed to be a futuristic approach in producing hydrocarbons from CO 2 . The greenhouse gases if not controlled are not only causative factors in climate change, but can also bring about diseases to humans, like lung cancer, which lies among the deadliest of cancers in the world and especially United States [164]. For achieving the conversion of CO 2 into compounds like CO or CH 4 , the electrochemical conversion is a widely considered method.…”

Magnetic-field-triggered Remote Drug Release and Analysis of Mechanism

“…(16) Most researchers consider that the drug release mechanism triggered by an LF-AMF is based on the permeability change of the carrier shell caused by the magnetic thermal and magnetic oscillation effects, which subsequently promote drug release. (17) In most cases, the role of the magnetic thermal effect is dominant relative to that of the magnetic oscillation effect of MNPs in LF-AMFs. Because the magnetic thermal effect is not strong, especially at very low frequencies, the temperature increase caused by the magnetic thermal (11) (b) Schematic of magnetic drug carrier structure and magnetic response images.…”

Research Progress and Prospects for Polymeric Nanovesicles in Anticancer Drug Delivery

“…Polymeric nanovesicles, such as liposomes, can be actively loaded with weakly alkaline or acidic hydrophilic drugs (e.g., doxorubicin hydrochloride) via ionic gradients (e.g., pH, ammonium sulfate, and calcium acetate gradient) and can be loaded with biomolecules via electrostatic or hydrogen bonding interactions. The thicker and tunable hydrophobic membranes of polymeric nanovesicles can be used to treat and diagnose cancer by loading hydrophobic drugs or fluorescent probes through hydrophobic interactions (Kim et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2015;Phan et al, 2021;Shreyash et al, 2021). Despite the many advantages of polymeric nanovesicle carriers, no nanovesicular drugs have received FDA approval or are in clinical trials.…”