Review of the methods of the US Environmental Protection Agency for bromate determination and validation of Method 317.0 for disinfection by-product anions and low-level bromate

Hautman, Daniel P.; Munch, David J.; Frebis, Christopher P.; Wagner, Herbert P.; Pepich, Barry V.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00892-5

Cited by 25 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Since bromate plays a key role in a number of pathways and biogeochemical processes, its determination has been rapidly developed over the last ten years. A variety of analytical procedures including spectrophotometry [5,6], ion chromatography [7,8], ion chromatography with post column reaction [9 ], ion chromatography online coupling with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [10], capillary zone electrophoresis [11 ] and other methods [12] have been used for bromate detection. Unfortunately, these methods use expensive instrumental methodologies, which limits their use for routine analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable Surface Sol‐gel Derived Carbon Ceramic Electrode Modified with Copper Complex and Its Application as an Amperometric Sensor for Bromate Detection

2004

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A sol-gel technique was used for the preparation of a three dimensional carbon composite electrode modified with [Cu(bpy) 2 ]Br 2 complex. A reversible redox couple of Cu(II)/Cu(I) is observed at the electrode surface. The electrochemical behavior and stability of the modified electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The charge transfer coefficient (a) and charge transfer rate constant (K s ) for the modified electrode were determined by cyclic voltammetry, which were found to be 0.46 and 14.2 s À1 , respectively. The modified electrode showed excellent catalytic activity toward bromate reduction at significantly reduced overpotentials and can be used successfully for amperometric detection of bromate. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration plots are linear in the concentration range 0.5 mM À 200mM. Detection limit (signal to noise is 3) and sensitivity were found to be 0.1 mM and 20 nA / mM, respectively. These analytical parameters compare favorably with those obtained with modern analytical techniques. The modified carbon ceramic electrode doped with Cu-Complex shows a good reproducibility, a short response time (t < 2 s), remarkable long term stability (> 4 months) and especially good surface renewability by simple mechanical polishing (RSD for 6 successive polishing is 1.5%).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable Surface Sol‐gel Derived Carbon Ceramic Electrode Modified with Copper Complex and Its Application as an Amperometric Sensor for Bromate Detection

2004

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“…As this constituent is of a general healthcare concern [1,2], its maximum tolerable level in water intended for human consumption is regulated at a 10 ppb concentration [2][3][4][5]. Therefore, the determination of bromate needs to be currently performed in the laboratories involved in drinking water monitoring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At present, mainly ion chromatography (IC) is employed to the determination of bromate in drinking waters. Although IC combined with mass spectrometry [6] and inductively coupled plasmamass spectrometry [3,7] provides very impressive bromate detectabilities, the use of IC with suppressed conductivity [3][4][5][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and/or postcolumn reaction detections [2][3][4]13] seems to dominate in practice. When bromate is accompanied in drinking water samples by anionic macroconstituents at high concentrations, some IC methods may require the use of precolumn sample pretreatment [3,6,9,[14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of bromate in drinking water by zone electrophoresis-isotachophoresis on a column-coupling chip with conductivity detection

et al. 2002

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The use of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) on-line coupled with isotachophoresis (ITP) sample pretreatment (ITP-CZE) on a poly(methylmethacrylate) chip, provided with two separation channels in the column-coupling (CC) arrangement and on-column conductivity detection sensors, to the determination of bromate in drinking water was investigated. Hydrodynamic and electroosmotic flows of the solution in the separation compartment of the chip were suppressed and electrophoresis was a dominant transport process in the ITP-CZE separations. A high sample load capacity, linked with the use of ITP in this combination, made possible loading of the samples by a 9.2 microL sample injection channel of the chip. In addition, bromate was concentrated by a factor of 10(3) or more in the ITP stage of the separation and, therefore, its transfer to the CZE stage characterized negligible injection dispersion. This, along with a favorable electric conductivity of the carrier electrolyte solution, contributed to a 20 nmol/L (2.5 ppb) limit of detection for bromate in the CZE stage. Sample cleanup, integrated into the ITP stage, effectively complemented such a detection sensitivity and bromate could be quantified in drinking water matrices when its concentration was 80 nmol/L (10 ppb) or slightly less while the concentrations of anionic macroconstituent (chloride, sulfate, nitrate) in the loaded sample corresponding to a 2 mmol/L (70 ppm) concentration of chloride were still tolerable. The samples containing macroconstituents at higher concentrations required appropriate dilutions and, consequently, bromate in these samples could be directly determined only at proportionally higher concentrations.

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“…Further, bromate has been classified as a group 2B, probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [5]. With respect to these toxic effects, the World Health Organization (WHO) has suggested 25 mg L À1 as a limit value for bromate in drinking water [6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include spectrophotometry [8,9], ion chromatography [10,11], ion chromatography with post column reaction [12], ion chromatography online coupling with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry [13], capillary zone electrophoresis [14] and other methods [15]. These methods are very sensitive but are highly sophisticated and the instrumentation is very expensive, and therefore not useful for routine analysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicomolybdate‐Incorporated‐Glutaraldehyde‐Cross‐Linked Poly‐L‐Lysine Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as Amperometric Sensor for Bromate Determination

Thangamuthu

Chen

2009

Electroanalysis

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Silicomolybdate-doped-glutaraldehyde-cross-linked poly-l-lysine (PLL-GA-SiMo) film modified glassy carbon electrode was successfully prepared by means of electrostatically trapping the silicomolybdate anion in PLL-GA cationic coating. The PLL-GA-SiMo film was stable and the charge transport through the film was fast. The modified electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic activity towards bromate reduction with significant reduction of overpotential. In amperometric determination of bromate, the calibration plot was linear over the concentration range of 5 Â 10 À5 to 1.2 Â 10 À3 M with a sensitivity of 3.6 mA mM À1. Furthermore, PLL-GA-SiMo film electrode showed fast response and good stability. [39]. In many cases, heteropolyanion immobilized in a polymer matrix is efficient towards electrocatalytic reactions than the homogeneously dissolved one. Hence, these systems are especially interesting for sensor applications. KeywordsIn the present investigation, silicomolybdate-doped-glutaraldehyde-cross-linked poly-l-lysine film modified electrodes are prepared by electrostatically binding the negatively charged SiMo 12 O 4À 40 (SiMo) mediator into positively charged PLL-GA coatings, and its application in the electrocatalytic reduction of bromate is studied. The SiMo-doped-PLL-GA modified electrode showed electrocatalytic activity towards bromate reduction and also served as an electrochemical sensing platform for sensitive amperometric determination of bromate. Thus, PLL-GA-SiMo film electrode has great potentiality in sensor development.As silicomolybdate anion is unstable in neutral and basic aqueous solution and undergoes a series of hydrolysis process [40], studies are carried out in 0.1 M H 2 SO 4 solution. Figure 1 illustrates the incorporation of SiMo 12 molecules

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Review of the methods of the US Environmental Protection Agency for bromate determination and validation of Method 317.0 for disinfection by-product anions and low-level bromate

Cited by 25 publications

References 9 publications

Renewable Surface Sol‐gel Derived Carbon Ceramic Electrode Modified with Copper Complex and Its Application as an Amperometric Sensor for Bromate Detection

Renewable Surface Sol‐gel Derived Carbon Ceramic Electrode Modified with Copper Complex and Its Application as an Amperometric Sensor for Bromate Detection

Determination of bromate in drinking water by zone electrophoresis-isotachophoresis on a column-coupling chip with conductivity detection

Silicomolybdate‐Incorporated‐Glutaraldehyde‐Cross‐Linked Poly‐L‐Lysine Film Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as Amperometric Sensor for Bromate Determination

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