Review on Market Chain Analysis of Wheat in Ethiopia

Abstract

Wheat is an important industrial and food grain, which ranks second among the most important cereal crops in the world after rice, and traded internationally. The area coverage, production, and productivity of wheat is increasing from time to time steadily, and fluctuating as a result of population growth, changing food preferences and a strong urbanization trend. The main market participants of wheat are producers, processor, assembler, wholesaler, retailers, and consumers, financial institutions, governments, NGO. The market concentration ratio of wheat in Ethiopia is about 31.67%, which indicates the market structure is weakly competitive. Absence of license, lack of enough working capital, higher completion and lack of trading experience are the main barriers of entry in wheat market. The price of wheat produce in the market is determined by the farmer, market through negotiation, and traders. Traders used fair scale-weighing (81.2%), giving better price relative to others (8.24%), giving credit (7.06 %), and visiting their suppliers (3.53%) as a strategy to attract their suppliers. The average marketing cost, profit margin, TGMM and GMM of wheat is 162birr, 177.5 birr/quintal, 30.32% and 14.63% respectively. Shortage of capital, lack of credit access, lack of market information, involvement of cooperatives, presence of unlicensed traders, inadequate market infrastructure higher transportation cost are the main challenges of wheat market. Therefore, strengthening the licensed traders, building market infrastructure and improving access to wheat market information and credit for wheat market participants should be recommended.

Genetic Variation and Association of Grain Quality Traits in Tetraploid Wheat (Triticum turgidum spp,) Landraces and Some Improved Cultivars of Ethiopia

“…They are endowed with ample genetic resources vital to meet the diversi ed goal of breeding (Haile Jemanesh et al 2013;Muleta et al 2017). Despite the existing potential, Ethiopia is importing wheat from abroad due to huge gap between production and consumption (Abate 2018;Brasesco et al 2019) to ll gap for industry (Haile Jemanesh et al 2013). This necessitates the development of wheat varieties that are high yielding with the required grain quality traits through the continuous assessment of the landraces.…”

“…Ethiopia, the largest wheat producer in sub-Saharan Africa, is a centre of diversity for the cultivated tetraploid wheat (Haile Jemanesh et al 2013;VAVILOV, 1929;Brasesco et al, 2019;Abate, 2018), which has acquired a diverse set of characteristics and enormous genetic variability (Oliveira et al 2012). The genetic variability held in tetraploid wheat is vital to meet the diversi ed goal of breeding (Asmamaw, Keneni, and Tesfaye 2020), including the grain quality of wheat.…”

Genetic variation, genetic advance, heritability and correlation analysis of phenotypic traits in tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum spp.) landraces and some improved cultivars of Ethiopia

“…For millennia, farmers have preferred to grow mixtures of tetraploid wheat landraces to add variety to their diet and to reduce the risks of losses due to new disease or pest outbreaks or due to unusual environmental conditions (Pecetti and Damania, 1996) because of useful alleles they possess as compared to hexaploid wheat. Ethiopia is a centre of diversity for the cultivated tetraploid wheat (2n = 4x = 28) (Vavilov, 1929;Abate, 2018;Brasesco et al, 2019). Despite this potential, Ethiopia remains a net importer of wheat due to the huge gap between production and consumption (Abate, 2018;Brasesco et al, 2019) emanating from very low national yield (Haile et al, 2013a(Haile et al, , 2013b and increased demand for wheat (Zegeye et al, 2020).…”

“…Ethiopia is a centre of diversity for the cultivated tetraploid wheat (2n = 4x = 28) (Vavilov, 1929;Abate, 2018;Brasesco et al, 2019). Despite this potential, Ethiopia remains a net importer of wheat due to the huge gap between production and consumption (Abate, 2018;Brasesco et al, 2019) emanating from very low national yield (Haile et al, 2013a(Haile et al, , 2013b and increased demand for wheat (Zegeye et al, 2020). The mean productivity of wheat in Ethiopia is 3 tons per hectare (t/ha) (CSA 2021) which is below the attainable yield for the crop which can be up to 5 t/ha (Alemu et al, 2019;Zegeye et al, 2020;Nigus et al, 2022).…”