Review on Reactor Configurations for Adsorption-Based CO₂ Capture

Abstract

Adsorption-based CO 2 capture has enjoyed considerable research attention in recent years. Most of the research efforts focused on sorbent development to reduce the energy penalty. However, the use of suitable gas−solid contacting systems is key for extracting the full potential from the sorbent to minimize operating and capital costs and accelerate the commercial deployment of the technology. This paper reviews several reactor configurations that were proposed for adsorptionbased CO 2 capture. The fundamental behavior of adsorption in different gas−solid contactors (fixed, fluidized, moving, or rotating beds) and regeneration under different modes (pressure, temperature, or combined swings) is discussed, highlighting the strengths and limitations of different combinations of gas−solid contactor and regeneration mode. In addition, the estimated energy duties in published studies and current technology readiness level of the different reactor configurations are reported. Other aspects, such as the reactor footprint, the operation strategy, suitability to retrofits, and the ability to operate under flexible loads are also discussed. In terms of future work, the key research need is a standardized techno-economic benchmarking study to calculate CO 2 avoidance costs for different adsorption technologies under standardized assumptions. Qualitatively, each technology presents several strengths and weaknesses that make it impossible to identify a clear optimal solution. Such a standardized quantitative comparison is therefore needed to focus on future technology development efforts.

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“…Adsorption methods seem to be particularly promising due to relatively low operating costs, high levels of recovery and purity of the captured carbon dioxide. Among the adsorption methods, several techniques can be listed, due to the method of regeneration of the adsorbent bed, such as [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] : TSA - variable temperature adsorption; PSA - pressure swing adsorption, PTSA - pressure swing and temperature swing adsorption; VPSA - pressure swing adsorption with the use of vacuum for regeneration ration; ESA - adsorption with the use of low voltage electric current; RPSA - pressure swing adsorption with a fast pressure jump; URPSA - pressure swing adsorption with an ultrafast pressure jump. The PSA, PTSA and VPSA methods seem to be the most promising, due to the degree of research advancement and the estimated costs of adsorbent regeneration.…”

“…Their advantages include their physicochemical properties and the ease of their modification [23] . However, an important fact is that most of the sorbents currently available on the market are produced in the form of powders [18] , [19] , [24] , which requires the development of new technologies for processing large particles in large quantities. One of these techniques is fluidization.…”

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“…In general, the main limitations of this process are the reduction in the adsorption capacity when the FG stream is wet due to the hydrophilic character of the materials [86] and the low q (Table 2), which necessitates a large amount of material to achieve more quantities of captured CO 2 . However, the adsorption process can be adapted to several operation conditions because of its flexibility to configure the reactors [86][87][88].…”

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“…The changes in the climate temperature are irreversible, causing a real threat to the environment and humankind. The emission of gases is one of the most causes of global climate change [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] . Gases can be classified as incondensable inorganic gases (i.e., hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and noble gases such as He-Kr) and condensable organic gases (i.e., methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), ethene (C2H4)).…”