Review on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the mycotoxin citrinin

Xu, Baojun; Jia, Xuchao; Gu, Li-Juan; Sung, Chang‐Keun

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2004.10.012

Cited by 165 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Known decomposition products include citrinin H2 which did not show significant cytotoxicity, while the decomposition product citrinin H1, which is made up of two citrinin molecules, showed an increase in cytotoxicity as compared to the parent compound [20,22]. Another decomposition product, the cytotoxic citrinin dimer, dicitrinin A, was also reported in 2006, together with other monomeric and dimeric degradation products [23].…”

Section: Decomposition Of Citrininmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The Occurrence, Properties and Significance of Citrinin Mycotoxin

Jh¹

2015

J Plant Pathol Microbiol

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Section: Decomposition Of Citrininmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Citrinin is produced over the range of 15-30°C and optimally at 30°C. Factors such as a humidity of at least 16.5 ñ 19.5% favours the growth of the citrinin producing fungi on grain [20].…”

Section: Factors Affecting Citrinin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Occurrence, Properties and Significance of Citrinin Mycotoxin

Jh¹

2015

J Plant Pathol Microbiol

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“…21 The working electrode was a bare GC disk (BAS, 3 mm diameter). It was polished 6 ] diffusion coefficient. 24 An average value of 0.16 ± 0.01 cm 2 for A was determined from three replicated measurements performed with three different modified electrodes.…”

Section: Apparatus and Experimental Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…36 It is known that CITH undergoes a Michael-type nucleophilic addition reaction in methanol or methanol plus methylene chloride mixtures. 6 Thus, it is propose the following reaction mechanism at long times: …”

Section: Identification Of Cith Electroreduction Product(s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical reduction of the mycotoxin citrinin at bare and modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes glassy carbon electrodes in a non-aqueous reaction medium

Zachetti¹,

Granero²,

Robledo³

et al. 2012

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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O mecanismo de redução eletroquímica de citrinina em acetonitrila mais (C 4 H 9 ) 4 NClO 4 0,1 mol L -1 tanto em eletrodo de carbono vítreo (GC) não modificado quanto em eletrodo GC modificado com nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas foi investigado por voltametria cíclica e eletrólise a potencial controlado. Os resultados obtidos permitiram inferir um mecanismo de eletroredução complexo com etapas químicas e eletroquímicas, acopladas à reação inicial de transferência de elétron. Citrinina apresentou pico catódico único que corresponde no mínimo a duas etapas de redução envolvendo um elétron e duas reações químicas homogêneas, segundo mecanismo de autoprotonação do tipo ECEC (transferência de elétron acoplada com aceitação de próton). As reações químicas se originam nas transferências de próton intermolecular do substrato para os seus produtos intermédios básicos de redução, caracterizando um mecanismo de autoprotonação. Análise cinética por procedimentos de simulação de resultados voltamétricos permitiu uma caracterização completa do mecanismo de redução heterogêneo de citrinina.Electrochemical reduction mechanism of citrinin in acetonitrile plus 0.1 mol L -1 (C 4 H 9 ) 4 NClO 4 at both bare and modified with multi-walled carbon nanotube glassy carbon (GC) electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis. Results allowed to infer a complex electroreduction mechanism with chemical and electrochemical steps coupled to the initial electron transfer reaction. Citrinin shows a single cathodic peak that corresponds at least to two electron reduction steps and two homogeneous chemical reactions, conforming to an ECEC (electron-transfer coupled with proton acceptance) self-protonation mechanism. The chemical reactions are originated in the intermolecular proton transfers from the substrate to its basic reduction intermediates, featuring a self-protonation mechanism. Kinetics analysis by simulation procedures of voltammetric results permitted a fully characterization of the mechanism of citrinin heterogeneous reduction.Keywords: citrinin, mycotoxins, multi-walled carbon nanotubes, cyclic voltammetry, square wave voltammetry IntroductionMycotoxins are a group of secondary metabolites produced by fungi of different species and have different structural characteristics. 1 Some mycotoxins are carcinogenic, others are immunosuppressive, vasoactive and others can cause central nervous system damage. Sometimes, the same mycotoxin can cause more than one type of toxic effect. 1 Citrinin or (3R, 4S)-4,6-dihydro-8-hydroxi-3,4,5-trimethyl-6-oxo-3H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (CITH, Figure 1) was first isolated from filamentous fungus Penicillium citrinum. 2 It is also produced by other species of Penicillium, 3 Aspergillus 4 and Monascus. 5 Electrochemical Reduction of the Mycotoxin Citrinin at Bare and Modified J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 1132 CITH crystallizes in a disordered structure, with both p-quinone and o-quinone tautomeric forms in a dynamic equilibrium in the solid state (Figur...

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