Review on various routing protocols for heterogeneous wireless sensor network

Elsafrawey

et al. 2019

IET wirel. sens. syst.

The design of an energy-efficient routing protocol is crucial for extending the lifetime of limited energy-constrained wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To achieve this goal, the authors propose three proactive routing protocols; the first protocol is a circle zone stable election protocol (CZSEP). This protocol is a two-level heterogeneous energy protocol with a circle zone located at the centre of the network field and used to deploy the normal nodes and with advanced nodes that are randomly distributed around the circle zone. The performance of the proposed CZSEP was compared to that of the conventional ZSEP considering the same total initial energy. To further improve the performance of CZSEP, they propose the second protocol named as, CZSEP with helper nodes (CZSEP-HN) which is a three-level heterogeneous energy protocol. In CZSEP-HN, they add helper nodes in certain places in the network field to minimise the energy consumption in the considered network. Both CZSEP and CZSEP-HN can overcome the problem of large transmission distance between normal nodes and the base station (BS) and between cluster-heads and BS exists in conventional ZSEP. Finally, they propose the third protocol, which is a modified CZSEP-HN (MCZSEP-HN) to overcome the problem of energy consumption in CZSEP-HN. MCZSEP-HN is a fourlevel heterogeneous energy protocol with two circle zones one for normal nodes and the other for intermediate nodes. The obtained results showed that the MCZSEP-HN outperforms the other protocols in terms of lifetime , throughput, stability and instability period and can reduce the energy consumption in WSNs.

“…The weighted probability for advanced nodes (U adv ) to become CHs was calculated in (10). Another parameter that depends on U adv is the threshold value which calculated in (11).…”

Section: Circle Zone Stable Election Protocolmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The threshold value can be calculated as in (11) where it depends on weighted selection probability given by (23). Fig.…”

Section: Modified Czsep With Helper Nodes (Mczsep-hn)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy‐efficient circle zones stable election protocol with helper nodes for heterogeneous WSNs

Mohamed

Elsafrawey

et al. 2019

IET wirel. sens. syst.

“…The hierarchical routing protocols are efficient protocols, they can reduce the energy consumption, they are based on clustering mechanisms, in which the network is divided into clusters, within the cluster, the cluster head (CH) aggregates data from the cluster members, then the CH sends this data to the base station (BS) or the sink . There are two types of clustered sensor networks: homogeneous and heterogeneous sensor networks . In homogenous networks: all sensor nodes in this network have the same quantity of power supply, energy level, hardware configuration and size, i.e .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In heterogeneous networks: there are different types of nodes with different quantities of energy levels, hardware configuration and therefore different optimal probabilities to become CHs. This type of network saves the energy and increase the network life‐time unlike the homogeneous networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second type is the three‐levels of heterogeneity which has three different types of nodes and this type is used in Enhanced‐SEP (ESEP), Threshold Sensitive SEP (TSEP), Enhanced‐DEEC (EDEEC) and threshold‐DEEC (TDEEC) . It is found that the heterogeneity of the nodes increase the lifespan of the WSNs where it saves the nodes energy …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Performance enhancement routing protocols for heterogeneous WSNs

Mohamed

Dessouky

et al. 2019

Int J Communication

One of the main constraints in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is the energy consumption. To mitigate this limitation and to prolong network life-time, stability period and throughput, this paper proposes new cluster-heads selection protocols, they based on Stable Election Protocol (SEP) and Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering (DEEC). We first propose Enhanced Zonal-SEP (EZSEP) and Zonal Threshold-DEEC (ZTDEEC) protocols, the proposed protocols are based on dividing the network field into certain zones, this will improve the connectivity of the far normal nodes with the base station (BS). Several evaluation metrics are used to compare between the proposed protocols and the conventional ZSEP and TDEEC protocols such as: network stability, instability period, life-time and throughput. Considering the same total initial energy, the obtained results show that the proposed EZSEP slightly outperforms the conventional ZSEP in terms of network stability, instability period and life-time, it achieves enormous improvements in terms of throughput as more nodes can transmit direct to BS. On the other hand, the proposed ZTDEEC provides huge improvements in terms of all the evaluation metrics mentioned above. To further improve the network life-time and network throughput, we propose Threshold-based EZSEP (TE-ZSEP) and Enhanced-ZTDEEC (EZ-TDEEC) protocols, in these two new protocols we redefine the threshold formula used in EZSEP and ZTDEEC to consider both weighted energy and weighted distance parameters. By combining the idea of dividing the network field into certain zones and the new threshold formula, the proposed TE-ZSEP and EZ-TDEEC protocols can effectively improve the energy consumption in heterogeneous WSN and prolong its life-time as proved by the obtained results.

Enhancing the lifetime and performance of WSNs in smart irrigation systems using cluster‐based selection protocols

Irrigation and Drainage

Oshaba

El‐Emary

et al. 2023

This paper presents a comparative analysis of cluster‐based selection protocols for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in smart irrigation systems. The study evaluates the performance of stable election protocol (SEP)‐based protocols, including conventional SEP, zonal SEP (ZSEP), enhanced SEP (ESEP) and threshold‐sensitive SEP (TSEP), and distributed energy‐efficient clustering (DEEC)‐based protocols, including conventional DEEC, developed DEEC (DDEEC), enhanced DEEC (EDEEC) and threshold‐sensitive DEEC (TDEEC). Simulation results show that TSEP and ZSEP outperform other SEP‐based protocols in terms of network lifetime, stability period, number of dead nodes and throughput. EDEEC and TDEEC show superior performance compared to other DEEC‐based protocols. However, TDEEC and EDEEC have a lower performance in terms of packets sent to cluster heads (CHs) due to the three levels of energy heterogeneity, which reduce the average packets sent to CHs. Finally, a comparative analysis between the SEP‐based and DEEC‐based protocols is presented. The findings reveal that TSEP outperforms all other protocols in terms of the performance metrics examined in this paper, except for throughput, which is higher in the case of ZSEP. Overall, the proposed cluster‐based selection protocols improve the energy efficiency and lifetime of WSNs in smart irrigation systems, and the results demonstrate their effectiveness in supporting the performance of smart irrigation systems.